Roman and Egyptian Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Roman and Egyptian Technology - Research Paper ExampleHorses and donkeys were domesticated roughly surrounded by 3000 BC and 4000 BC, while camels were domesticated between 2000 BC and 3000 BC, with the exact dates unavailable. By 3100 BC, Egyptians had invented sailing boats made of papyrus reeds tied together. However, the sails were weak and only useful when sailing unidirectional. Around 2700 BC, Egyptians made wooden ships for trade in the sea. They were steered using a ample oar. On the other hand, the Romans built networks of roads in the empire for elementary movement of the Roman army from one part of the empire to the other. The wealthy members of the empire apply cover wagons on long journeys or horses (Olson 13). The Romans also had merchant ships famously called cortia, which had the ability to over 1000 hemorrhoid of gondolago. They had a single mast that carried the rectangular sail, though some others had small sails at the stern and bow. Similar to the Egyptian s, the ships used oars for steering, though they had lighthouses for guidance. The fall of the Roman Empire was a blow to the transport system. Major roads in Europe became dirt tracks and mud in winter. The rudder was a European (earlier, the Roman Empire) invention that went a long way in the steering of ships. In addition, ships became advanced with the rudder and compasses, with three masts in addition by the fifteenth century. Turnpike roads opened in 1663, with the Bridgewater canal completion at the end of the 18th century. The 19th century saw the invention of the railways and steam locomotives, followed by horse drawn omnibuses in 1829 and the first car in 1886 by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler (Danver 265). At the same time, steam turbines by Charles Parsons improved sea transport. Another arouse ancient technology is that of braces. According to archeologists and the American Association Orthodontists, on that point have been several discoveries of mummified ancients b earing alloy bands around individual teeth. The Etruscans (Roman precursors) buried their dead dental appliances used to maintain dentition and space. In addition, a Roman tomb discovered in Egypt had a mummy whose teeth were bound by coin wire (Archwired). Additionally to note is the recordings of finger pressure treatment of teeth by Aurelius Cornelius Celsus during the time of Christ. Nonetheless, there were no significant orthodontic events occurring before the 17th century. The first publications on teeth straitening were in 1792. Astronomy, the cancel science dealing with celestial objects, also dates impale thousands of years ago. In ancient Egypt, people believed that the world was an enormous rectangular box with Egypt at the center and huge lamps hanging down as the stars (Nicholson and Shaw 321). Similarly, most(prenominal) other elaborations held the same concept with their farmings at the center of the world. Nonetheless, the ancient cultures, especially in Egypt ian and Roman, were held back from technological development for investigating the cosmos by their beliefs in their many unpredictable gods. The Jews, which was the only culture that worshipped God, had a positive influence on the science through the bible. The Greeks were the first ancient culture to become aware of their surroundings. In fact, the word astronomy is a derivative from the Greek words legality and order. However, the Greeks were not the only culture to try their hands on astronomy, but

The Decline of the English and Humanities Departments of Universities Research Paper

The Decline of the English and Humanities Departments of Universities - Research Paper ExampleRegardless of this trim interest in Humanities, it is important to note that Scientists and Economists alike rely on languages and Humanities in their researches, analyses and presentations (Howard 24). The office of this paper is to explore the effects of much(prenominal) a decline and the proposal of possible solutions to reverse the situation. unlike policymakers and educators nonplus become more than and more responsive of the significance of understanding the learning practices of other countries. This is through with(p) on the basis to evaluate the comparative standing of their education results as a sign of multinational financial competitiveness. In any given society or nation, education forms a point of address from where economic development is achieved and the improvement of the living standards. Howard (34) notes that the great loss and disappearance of great works, the c onsistent devaluation of humanities against the sciences and the sluggish speed of humanities as compared to that of hi-technologies are all factors for the reduced interest in humanities. With this similarly comes the fact that parents and students alike desire a profitable return for their big investments in high education. Thus, more and more students turn to Science subjects and Economics. It is worth contemplating that English and humanities departments should be made in such a way that learners are assured of getting job once they leave their colleges. This will be the only way through which the decline of such subjects will be minimized in the end. As Chace (35) suggests, the major cause for this has been the failure of the English and Humanities departments on themselves to champion the material they teach. For instance, English departments excite shifted their focus from once popular books and literature to arbitrary studies, such as identity, popular culture, sexuality and bass theory. The result is that the books, which ought to be studied independently, have become a secondary quite an than a primary(a) source, being used only to give information about these studies. The impact of this is that the departments have distanced themselves from young concourse interested in good books (Chace 36). This explains the reduction in enrollment into Humanities over the past hardly a(prenominal) decades, whereby, even with an increased capacity of student enrollment into universities, there has been a significant reduction of the students enrolled in these departments. Besides, while English departments are responsible for teaching composition in the Universities- a central performance in higher education- its instructors are among the lowest paid, sometimes being considered as a liability rather than an asset (Chace 40). This has formed a point of reference from where many of the instructors have been forced to seek easily paying jobs, in so doing re sulting to the decline of certain departments. The fact that many higher education institutions have had to close their humanities and foreign languages departments so as to cut ion cost is in itself a intimidate and frightening fact to the absolute future of humanities. Similarly, several studies show that the faculty jobs for humanities are change magnitude while that of social sciences is increasing. For instance, one such study by Stanford University in 2006 shows that between 1915 and 1955, the faculty

Financial Information for Business Decision Coursework

Financial Information for Business Decision - Coursework ExampleAccording to the report the company deals in third party land development and capital management. Nevertheless, it runs capital management trusts referred to as Hercules Unit Trust, the editorial Retail Europark Fund and the Hercules Income Fund. The headquarters of the company is in London, at the Seymour Street. However, the business model adopted by the company is both risk aversive and opportunistic, which enables them to be in a perspective of attaining the long-term harvest-time in her shareholder value. The major focuses of the company include the maximization of equity returns, which is done via optimal backing and joint ventures it aims at the creation of incomparable or excellent long-term ventures with strong covenants it also focuses on the major assets in the office and retail sectors as well as aiming to enhance the property returns via fighting(a) development and management. In addition, we find that flexibility is imperative to high returns for the company that is both in equipment casualty of business financing and business organization. This will greatly enable them to take advantage or gain on the changes in the property market. From this study it is clear that whenever a business is started, we find that it either implicitly or explicitly adopts a specific business model, which defines the design of the creation of value, its delivery, as well as the capture of the mechanisms applied by the business enterprise. Nonetheless, the significance of a business model is its description of the direction by which the business venture delivers value to its clients, attracts the clients to pay for value and also changes the payments to returns. Therefore, it reflects the presumption of the management as regards what is wanted by the clients, and the way a business can be in a position of meeting those needs in the best way possible, get reward for doing so and making a profit.

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Reflective paper - Essay ExampleMy view on organisational atmosphere of participation has also changed and I now see them as supportive and open to enter in company development. The concept of fraternity has nurtured self determination and community mobilization in me. This has enabled me to pass water influence and control and partners and a player in community action and decision making. By alive(p) in community development, one can weigh on the costs involved and know if the action at law is viable. With the knowledge of cost in mind, one can use it in the development of appropriate incentives. The community concept has sharpened my relation skills and I can now easily interact with members of the community which has do me have a broader knowledge of my environment.As a facilitator, I have been in a patch to guide and model dialogue processes proving information when needed and intervene in case of breakdown in the process of communication. Besides, I have learnt not to be neutral and engage myself fully in processes of dialogue. much(prenominal) facilitation catalyzes community participation and engagement (Butcher et.al, pp58)The community development and community practices have always been at the message of complaisant work concept in towns. The reasons why community in social work is distinguished are community work aims at uniting people who were previously not organized into coalitions and telling groups that work as a group with an aim of pursuing a common social agenda, secondly, community work aims at strengthening traditional neighborhood, kinship and friendship ties and developing new structures in the golf-club which are important for the daily operation of a society and lastly, community based activities provides the best structure that is efficient and cost effective for the service of the poor (Butcher et al, 1994)Community is very crucial in social work because the community is their objective. Social work

Principles of tax income law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Principles of tax income law - Essay ExampleIn washbasins case, he is an employee of a real estate agent but he is carrying out personalised investment activities. This dismiss be seen with the barter for of the motel in order to sell it out as a kindergarten later. A purchase of this kind can be considered as an investment carried out with the intention to make a take in. In terms of the bigger picture, Johns investment activity can be considered as a business activity in cut-and-dried usage since he invests money in order to reach a profit. Receipts or profits created through business activities are treated as ordinary income for most circumstances3 4. In cases where there may be payment complications or where receipts cannot be created from harvest-home of business, income may not be seen as ordinary5. However, in Johns case, if the real estate change out it would have produced a simple income receipt that would have been considered as ordinary income. The onset of the fl oodlight and the clearing up of the farming can further be considered as business activities on Johns part in order to add value to his property. The assessment that Johns land carried underground hot water reservoirs merely added even more value to his land. John is now be completeered money based on the value rise to power on the motel site he purchased. The value assenting activities of John can be seen as business activities analogous to each former(a) value entree properties carried out by any other business. As long as there is sufficient connector between Johns income derived from the sale of land and value addition on the land, Johns income will be categorised as ordinary income according to FCT v Consolidated Press Holdings Ltd (No 2)6 7. A scrutiny of Johns circumstances reveals that he purchased land with a view to make profit and his final transaction with Green Energy results in profit. Such income is considered ordinary income for taxation purposes. Problem mo tility 1B The capital gains tax (CGT) applies to any forms of capital gains made when an asset is disposed off except for certain(prenominal) exemptions. Most exemptions related to CGT in Australia are based on items of personal use as closely as exemptions to promote certain business activities. Moreover, the CGT enforced in Australia provides for rollovers under certain circumstances. The contention derriere CGT is to tax income that falls within the capital gain category so that it cannot be drained off for other purposes. Assessments for CGT rely on considering any net gains as part of the taxable income structure for a single tax year8. The net gains may result from the sale of owned assets or from any other forms of disposal of assets. Any form of assets held by an individual for a period of one year or more are given a fifty percent discount when considering the CGT on disposal9. CGT was introduced to Australia in 1985 and any assets held by a person before this are exempt from CGT. Assets acquired by a person in or after 1985 are considered alone in CGT deductions10. In the case of Kimberly, her assets were mostly formed sound after 1985 so CGT applies to most of her assets except those that are exempt under current CGT laws. In addition to this observation, it is noteworthy that up to 1999, CGT applied after an assessment of the consumer set index (CPI). Under this scheme, changes in the price of an asset due to consumption

A View on Middle Eastern Exceptionalism Research Paper

A View on optic eastern hemisphereern Exceptionalism - Research Paper ExampleThe sum due east is only as unique as outside elements may see it be. Now, in discovering if the halfway East would be the exception amidst developing countries would take the close examination. There are many methods of tendency in this aspect of the question. First, we moldiness examine from the rack of agreement in the fact that Egypt is an exception amongst its peers and at a time that is done, we must examine the viewpoint of its equally powerful neighbors in Turkey and other countries in the shopping mall East, including Egypt. In providing reasoning behind this consideration, it is best to have several resources to allow the capacity of comparativeness in pros and cons for the viewpoint of Exceptionalism in the Middle Eastern culture. Amidst due consideration of the points delivered in the viewpoints of the various authors of the resources consulted, it has become apparent that Egypt would s carce live of an exception amidst the rest of the Middle Eastern countries.Despite Mr. Bromleys best efforts, he fails to prove that the Middle East is an exception and that Egypt would be any different than any other part of the Middle East. In his ingest words, Mr. ... First, we must examine from the viewpoint of agreement in the fact that Egypt is an exception amongst its peers and once that is done, we must examine the viewpoint of its equally powerful neighbors in Turkey and other countries in the Middle East, including Egypt. In providing reasoning behind this consideration, it is best to have several resources to allow the capacity of comparativeness in pros and cons for the viewpoint of Exceptionalism in the Middle Eastern culture. Amidst due consideration of the points delivered in the viewpoints of the various authors of the resources consulted, it has become apparent that Egypt would hardly consist of an exception amidst the rest of the Middle Eastern countries. Despite Mr. Bromleys best efforts, he fails to prove that the Middle East is an exception and that Egypt would be any different than any other part of the Middle East. In his experience words, Mr. Bromley says in his treatise titled Middle Eastern Exceptionalism, Despite these differences, there is a general consensus that the Middle East has witnessed limited democratization and contains few, if any, liberal democracies and that this differentiates it from much of the rest of the developing world.1 Mr. Bromleys view of exceptionalism and its manifestation as a result of democratization continues to expound through this chapter, but again, he hides the truth in his own words. Other observers, noting the continued restrictions placed on party formation, the role of the military in national government (including the emergency rule in the Kurdish south-east of the country), the outstanding issue of the place of Islam in the deposit and long-standing economic problems, are less confident.

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company justness - Essay Examplegment passed also stated that that for the assumption of responsibility to be effective several(prenominal) lick of direct or indirect conveyance is needed from the behalf of the director and also requires that the claimant should have relied on the information provided by the director. The judgment provided also included the fact that the company or the organization is a furcate entity from the directors and the shareholders. Williams aimed at imposing the personal liability to the organization under the principle of Hedley Byrne. But that did not held align for the case. The principle states that it requires a specific relation to exist between the plaintiff and the tortfeasor3 Mr. Mistlin claimed that he had no special dealings with the Williams and he never took the responsibility of Mr. Williams in behalf of the company. The judgment passed made it clear that the director of a company runs no risk of his personal liability by taking the char ge of a sequestered limited company unless and until he has expressed or taken any sort of personal liability. The enounce of the case, Lord Steyn commented on his final verdict that there was no personal dealing with the Williams and the managing of the company and the sub of ideas between them never crossed the line which could create a feeling among the Williams that he had taken the personal responsibility for them. It was held as a case of negligent representation by the company.4 Standard Chartered Vs Pakistan subject Shipping Corporation Limited The case involved three main organizations which are Standard Chartered, oak Prime, and The Pakistan National Shipping Corporation. In the particular case Pakistan National shipping Corporation was the shipping performer of the delivery of Iranian Bitumen sold by Oakprime. Incombank issued a letter... This research have discussed the two cases and their judgment cited had some similarity and differences. In two the case, the co nvict accused was the part of the organization, and in both case both of them belonged to the managerial levels. The accused was held guilty on matters of misrepresentation of certain scenario. In the case of the Williams and the Natural flavor heath foods limited the Williams carried out their legal case as because they suffered loses based on the financial projections provided to them by the director, similarly in the case of the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation and the Standard Chartered bank, the director of the Oakprime was held as accused on behalf of the false representation of the bills. The judgment in the identical cases was completely different from individually other. In the case of the Williams, the director of the concerned organization was let free and the case was represented as scenario of unintentional misrepresentation. The judgment stated that the director cannot be held responsible for any personal loses of the franchisee based on the dealings between th em until he had shown his personal liability for the matter and he has any personal family with the party. Whereas in the other case the judgment showed that the director or the management person concerned cannot befog his fault behind the liability of his company. Mr Mehra deliberately made the false statement so that he may attain the payment for the letter of credit. The law cited strictness in matters of fraud cases than in general matters concerned.

Storm King Mountain Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storm King Mountain Case - canvas Exampleged use of aggressive tactics, and were categorized as watch out situations, the firefighters continued to take the coarse step of building fire line downhill upon receiving confirmation from their leader, Mackey, that the area was good enough with slight vegetation, and not much risk from existing fire. The crew members relied completely on Mackeys judgment as they trusted in his abilities more than their conviction of adhering to the guidelines.Attributable to their can-do attitude, the firefighters ignored most of the rules because their ultimate intention was to stop fire from spreading. They did not regard these guidelines as procedures to be used in firefighting rather, they relied more on their critical judgment base on experience and situational constraints.Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model (JCM) explains employee behavior based on four motivational aspects namely, job characteristics, critical psychological states, per sonal and acidify endings and growth-need strength. The JCM framework helps in understanding managerial functions as well as the psychological processes associated with work that are associated with employee behavior and outcome of employee actions. This model emphasizes the role of job design that ultimately leads to experienced meaningfulness of work, experienced responsibility for the outcomes, and knowledge of the results of work activities (Debnath, Tandon & Pointer, 2007).A team leader can determine what skills would be best to perform a proper(postnominal) job and deploy rung accordingly. In addition, the task to be performed needs to be identified in advance besides having complete understanding of how the task or job impacts the employees and/or other postal service holders. Identification of skills and tasks to be accomplished will also help the leader assess the extent to which the staff may be empowered to take their own decisions. While autonomy is an effective way to act staff, the level of autonomy requires a

Relevant Areas to the Implementation of an Enterprise-Level Business Essay

germane(predicate) Areas to the Implementation of an go-ahead-Level Business System - Essay ExampleThese can be integrated into another method acting that focuses on milestones. Milestones and sub milestones should result in an enhanced or new function versus waiting until the built-in project is implemented. These methods sway management not lose interest in the project because the level of ignition can be maintained, plus one can appreciate that the investment paying off earlier.Because this is center on an enterprise environment, it is possible that each department will need to be changed one at a meter or, departments working closely together may need to be changed simultaneously. This is usu all toldy much apparent when using an death penalty official document.One popular tool for arranging implementation is Microsoft Project, an excellent course of study for an enterprise system or extended project. Milestones and sub milestones, mentioned in methods, are inherent i n the screening. another(prenominal) way of using millstones is with metrics. metrics are used to measure progress and estimate how long a project will take based on industry standard metrics for specific task.Metrics are beneficial because they measure the effectiveness of the phases that have been implemented by starting with a service line before any of the new components are implemented. Using metrics to measure the impact of given application will communicate the worthiness of the overall project.If one is concerned that a project is not what she hoped or promised, it might be time to jump ship. Professionally this is called change of control. At any time during the implementation process, there may be a need to change the control with minimal interruption. Provided that each phase, curiously the implementation phase, has been documented thoroughly, change of control should be a smooth transition.Thorough documentation and a well-defined plan are highly beneficial. It is imp ortant for people to know what to expect and begin training. A streamlined cutover will ensure that budget, end users, and time line goals are met.Over the last decade, Enterprise resources planning (ERP) systems have emerged as an essential tool so as to obtain the competitive reward for most businesses. ERP systems are defined as management information systems (MIS) that integrate primary business applications, including all areas and levels of an organization. Typically, ERP systems consist of applications for accounting and controlling, quality management, production and materials management, sales and distribution, project management and human resources. (Loadstone, 2003). MAS is a system of measuring and providing operational and financial information. ERPS and MAS are interrelated and have a close relationship. As ERP is at its essence a data management tool( Schuster & Brock, 2004, p.2) therefore, it can be said that ERP is a tool of MAS in order to give businesses a compet itive advantage.The implementation cycle of an ERP system is about organisational change. It is a multi-disciplinary effort and characterized as a complexity, uncertainty and a long time scale. (Harwood, 2003, p.1). The cost and time are very important issues for an organization to consider when implementing an ERP system. ( Granlund and Malmi, 2002, p.304). However, a proper implementation of the system may provide many benefits, depending on the organization integrating the system with its own business processes.An ERP system

CH Energy Main Competitor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

CH Energy Main rivalry - Research Paper ExampleCH energy operates mainly in the United States of America which is the worlds largest economy with an uncut per-capita gross domestic product of to the highest degree $46,900. It is also militarily and technologically the most forcefulnessful nation in the world. It is a purely market-oriented economy with most of the important strategic business decisions taken by individuals or the hop on of companies. The government buys goods and services from the private sector. The problems in this economy are inadequate investments towards economic infrastructures, a truly high medical cost, trade and budget deficits apart from income stagnation in the economic groups with lower income.The GDP with regards to the purchasing power parity is about $ 14.26 one million million as of 2008. The GDP as per real ripening rate is 1.1% as of 2008. The per capita GDP is about $ 46,900 as of 2008. In the total figure of GDP husbandry contributes abou t 1.2%, the industry contributes 19.2% and the services sector contributes about 79.6% towards the GDP. All this implies a rosy scenario for CH energy as the figures show that the country is predominately industry based which would result in a huge demand for power and related services. The country also offers a 154.3 million strong workforce. The country has a public debt of about 60.8% of the GDP as of 2007. The central bank discount rate is 0.5% as of 2009. The USA has a $1,624 jillion stock of money. The country has a wide range of industries ranging from consumer goods, aerospace, motor vehicles, steel, telecommunications, food processing, petroleum, and other industries. The country produces 4167 trillion kWh units of electricity and consumes about 3892 trillion kWh of power annually as of 2007. The USA exports about 20.14 billion units of electricity and imports only 51.4 billion kWh units of electricity.

A Theoretical and Conceptual Critique of chapter 5 from Jeffreys. S Essay

A Theoretical and Conceptual Critique of chapter 5 from Jeffreys. S. 1997. The idea of whoredom. Spinifex. Melbourne - Essay ExampleOther countries consider it a misdemeanour and still others regard it as a crime punishable by death. Despite the laws make to come across or foil the process of prostitution, the idea itself and the associated questions of choice as well as potency remain unanswered. It is therefore important to understand the idea to appreciate the social impact of prostitution.Jeffreys (1997) discusses this idea at length and also presents several different viewpoints as well as his feature about prostitution beingness a choice which women are allowed to make in this quantify and age since they should have control over their own bodies. This choices comes with the understanding that the business they are about to enter may have its own consequences and if the governments of their location recognize the issues surrounding their problems it would be beneficial for all concerned parties. For example, if the government abide regulate the process and even gain tax benefits from legalized prostitution there may be a cyberspace positive social impact of the practice.Jeffreys compares the choice of prostitution with other choices that women may make in this time and age. For example, he mentions reproductive surrogacy and breast implants (Jeffreys, 1997, pg. 130), as two choices which women are allowed to make without too many questions being asked which leads us to consider prostitution as an active choice as well. However, the idea of making prostitution a choice comes with a dangerous connotation of not drawing the line anywhere at all.For instance, a person may say that taking cocaine is a choice, using marijuana is a choice even child pornography and paedophilia is a choice. In absolute terms, they may be choices indeed since many people choose not to indulge in those activities even if they have the fortune to do so but the choice is a co nscious choice since they know what impact their actions can have on themselves and society as

Multicutural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicutural Communication - Essay ExampleEthnocentrism is unmatchable problem that can adversely impact communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Lack of familiarity on cultural differences when communicating presents a problem especially with globalisation of the occupancy environment. Cultural determinants such(prenominal) as traditions, communication practices and thought process are important in multicultural communication. Clinging to manner of conducting business that is ethnocentric for instance can cause a major problem of communication between individuals. language differences present a very critical barrier to effective cross-cultural communication translation difficulties, misfortune of conveying subtle language distinctions and cultural variations between people speaking the same language allege language problems business communication (Mathews and Thakkar, 2012).Environment is a source of problems in multicultural communication. Manner s in which people utilize available resources differ markedly between cultures and as such cultural biases with friendship to the technological and natural environment cause communication conflicts. Most of us are culturally prone perceive the environment in certain ways and as such the usage of technology. Variations in affable values across cultures can also present major communication conflicts. As such it is hence important to consider the social valued held by others on issues such as education, nepotism, class structures and worship etc in order to achieve effective communications. Nonverbal behaves and temporal conception also communication conflicts with material impact especially in the international business settings. Use of nonverbal signs of communications and understanding of cadence may differ on cultural lines and thus present problems when individuals from different cultures interact (Pratt-Johnson, 2006).To

A museum visit to autry museum los angeles and its relation to class Essay

A museum visit to autry museum los angeles and its relation to class - Essay ExampleThis showed non only the basics of what occurred at this time, but also represents and observes the past of how things were. The vastness of the land, as well as the cowboys desires to chase the large animals were two of the concepts which I immediately noticed. This was followed by observations of the hand made tools, hats and other artifacts which were meaning(a) to the cowboys. The significance was based on how each of the men had to change their level of innovation to try to settle down and build a specific life, while having the sense of dominance over a specific tag on of land. This led to the noticed cowboy movies that were also represented, which held this same ideal and continued to show the mindset of cowboys that were remission in the West. The representation of cowboys after the 1900s that is seen in the exhibition is one which is seen to link to the myth of the cowboy. The representa tions of the cowboy outfits, paintings of the beauty parlour girls and the guitars also represent this ideology. The concept of movies such as The Lone ranger and the idolized cowboy ar highlighted in these particular areas, specifically with reference to what the cowboys became.

Pharmacy application - Letter of Recommendation Essay

Pharmacy application - Letter of Recommendation - Essay ExampleToan-Thang works headspring independently and always takes the initiative to research information on his patients disease processes. In the clinic, his presentations are organized, behave and concise. He shows great confidence and poise. His technical skills are complete and accurate, including all the necessary information for the task. Toan-Thang in any case exhibits an outstanding patient care manner. He is courteous and empathetic as he gives patients need priority. He quickly gains the trust of his patients and gives them the best care possible.In summary, Toan-Thangs work ethics are outstanding and he is a true leader amongst his peers. He has an extensive and well applied knowledge of disease pathphysiology and therapy management. He is well disciplined, punctual, efficient, professional and courteous. His clinical skills and analytical skills are outstanding, plus he shows great clinical intellect on every lev el of care. With these attribute characteristics, I strongly believe he would be a great pharmacist. I hope your program would give him a chance to reach his goal. I highly recommend Toan-Thang Vo without reservation to your pharmacy

Health Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

wellness Policy - Essay ExampleAmong these the social factor drive out be considered to be the most influential. This is because it is only the aw beness of the commonplace that makes to utilize the checkup resources. Most of the people overlook aw atomic number 18ness. This could be possibly due to illiteracy. Hence those sections must be taught regarding various aspects of health and c are. Modern public health is often concerned with the goaling determinants of health across a population, rather than advocating for individual behaviour change. in that location is a recognition that our health is affected by many factors including where we live, genetics, our income, our educational status and our social relationships - these are cognise as social determinants of health. A social gradient in health runs through society, with those that are poorest generally suffering the worst health. However even those in the middle classes will generally cede worse health outcomes than those of a higher social stratum (WHO, 2003). The new public health seeks to address these health inequalities by advocating for population-based policies that improve the health of the whole population in an equitable fashion. (Wikipedia -the free online encyclopedia)Managed Health Care, a general classification used for a type of health insurance that provides comprehensive health check care based on a prepaid contract as opposed to traditional fee-for- good health insurance. Traditional health insurance pays a health-care provider each time a medical service is performed. Managed health-care plans, however, pay health-care providers a set monthly fee for each member of the plan, regardless of whether the member seeks medical care. Managed health-care plans are so-named because they attempt to manage or control the costs of health care by requiring participants in the plan to seek medical care from designated physicians. These physicians act as gatekeepers who determine if perse verings need to see more costly medical specialists.Most managed care systems encourage preventive medicine, operating with the philosophy that it is better for the patient and more cost-effective to focus on preventing illness or to treat an illness in its proterozoic stages than to treat an illness in advanced stages. Accordingly, managed health-care plans provide broad coverage for preventive care, such as immunizations and physical examinations, unlike traditional health insurance plans. Managed care plans are unique to the United States. They are usually offered through employers, although individuals and senior citizens who receive government-funded health insurance through Medicare can enroll at once in managed care plans. Most employer-sponsored plans allow an open enrollment period of one month when employees can decide whether they want a managed care plan or a traditional fee-for-service plan, also known as an indemnity plan. (See also Health Insurance.) There are thre e basic types of managed care plans health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and point-of-service plans.II HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS HMOs provide comprehensive medical go in exchange for a monthly payment from the plan participant. HMOs developed in the early mid-seventies with the passage of the federal Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. The law applied minimum, uniform standards in all 50 states for a health insurance organization to qualify as an

The general conditions of the body or mind Essay Example for Free

The general conditions of the body or mind EssayIf my interviewer doesnt the right amount, she is certainly to be in danger. She is already rattling skinny, and eats lots of junk food. She says she doesnt like to eat lots of healthy stuffs because since she was little, she has been brought up to eating junk food and the though of eating healthy all the time, puts her off, and she says she lott stand vegetables. Its very hard for her. She require to eat all of the above in order to say healthy and from non getting disease or discountcers. There are lots of sift of infections, viruses, diseases or illness that can happen if one doesnt eat the type of food in their diet.Environment Everyone needs a adept environment. If she doesnt learn a nice and clean environment, then she also has to stir an unhealthy way of dungeon and behavior. In order to have a happy, healthy and well being environment we need to have clean water and air, proper waste disposal facilities (toilets) and effective housing qualities. Other environment factors that call for well being are, where we live, how much money we get (if we have a job) and the sort of job that we have. If we dont have a proper disposal facility, it will lead to all sort of uncomfortable infections and diseases.Housing Everyone needs to have a high-priced endure in order to stay clean, healthy etc. If the preindication is overcrowded, damp, no central heating or poor disposal facilities, we do not have a good house. In may cause illness to people. Cold and damped houses can give people asthma, bronchitis, and arthritis. If the house is overcrowded it can lead to infections like tuberculosis and dysentery. It also depends on where a person lives, if they live in the countryside or somewhere isolated, they can be depressed often and have a bad self-esteem. instruction This is very important.It affects a persons outlook on life, they way they treat people (their manners), how they look, their health an d well-being. With a good education, it can get you a good job or occupation. Good education has a positively charged impact on the life chances and the health outcomes to an individual. If people want a good job, good house, good everything, they have to work for it, by getting good grades and achieving to their highest standard. Employment Having a good job and sort of job you have is very important. It needs to be a job you like doing.If it isnt then it usage be very fun and you might depress. If you have a good education, you will have a good job. An employed person uses the skills, knowledge and expertise which the person has already gained and has the opportunity to acquire late skills. It also gives you the opportunity to explore the outer world and get immature friends, or learning new things in life. Work gives you confidence and self-esteem. People respect you and your ideas. And the better the job the better the money to save you or the family happy and healthy.Some people need a job desperately, in order to corrupt food or to stay alive. Rest and Sleep When you are young, you need a lot of remainder and rest. This gives the heart and body time to relax and not to be stressed out and working. If you deprive pause, you resort lots of energy and have a quick and high temper, like you want everything to go your way. Mistakes can occur a lot, because when you are tired, you cant concentrate. You also loose attention to your surrounding and you seem to be dreaming a la la land.You also seem to have a few proceeding ever time you see that the coast is clear, then wake up, incuring more tired. You also feel confused, because you are paying more attention to seeing yourself in a nice and warm arse and listen9ing to what other people say. And you have difficulty seeing and hearing. This is important, especially for a teenager because we need the sleep after a long time in school, and after being stressed out and tired. It helps us concentrate more in class. Friends We all have and need friends.They are their top support and jazz us back. They are in that location to listen and help during problems. Choosing your friends can be very hard, when you move into a new area, you talk to who ever talks to you. Having bad friends, can influence you into the bad things in life and they some how always encourage you into doing the bad things, like not studying for an important test, stealing or having attitude problems. It also depend in the environment, if you live in a bad environment there is likely to be rough and troubling making groups.

Discuss evolutionary explanations of intelligence Essay Example for Free

Discuss evolutionary explanations of wisdom EssayIntelligence has been considered a unique feature of human beings as it gives us the great power to ponder elabo backsidee st double-dealeregies for solving problems. There argon three key evolutionary explanations of intelligence, which atomic number 18, foraging/ecological, cordial and versed selection.Foraging is when animals learn intellectual nourishment preferences from others. This ability has clear survival advantages because the animal can learn from others quite than using trial and computer error process to identify which foods are harmful. The big the range of food required, the larger the foraging area must be and the greater the requirement for more complex abilities. Many order Primates have to balance their diet by selective eating through successful hunting, which requires forethought, planning, cunning and the ability to coordinate the actions of a number of individuals. Finding food over a particular ar ea may require a cognitive map (memorized spatial knowledge).Obtaining the food requires tool use and hunting techniques, which is other indication of intelligence in both human and non-human species. Visalberghi and Trinca (1987) did a study to look at the effectuate of tool use. Capuchin monkeys were given task of pushing peanut butter out of a tube. They show that the monkeys were quick at finding a suitable stick but tried out umpteen unsuitable ones first. This suggests no understanding of causal relationships and that many animals develop the skill through trial and error rather than insight.Only the great apes show the sophisticated understanding of cause and effect so this supports the tie-up between tool use and intelligence. The association between the growth of hunting and intelligence shows that more goodish individuals are more intelligent than less intelligent. However many species with very successful hunting techniques are not very intelligent and therefore it is unlikely that the gets of hunting would account for human levels of intelligence. The efficiency in foraging of a particular animal has been shown by heterogeneous psychologists. Galef (1988) did a study in which a rat was allowed to eat food with a distinctive flavour, with cocoa or cinnamon.A screen rat was then put in with the demonstrator for 30 minutes, but with no food present. This test rat then had to choose between cocoa-flavoured and cinnamon-flavoured food. It was found that the test rats preferred food of the same flavour as that eaten by the demonstrator. This was still the case 4 hours after the demonstrator had eaten and when 12 hours had elapsed before the test rat made its choice.Therefore it can be concluded that interacting with a rat after it has eaten creates a particular preference for that food. These results could be interpreted in a number of ways, in terms of the rats been neophobic, importee unwilling to try anything new. The test rat could have pic ked up on the smell of the particular food on the breath of the demonstrator and will have been choosing between what was familiar and unfamiliar rather than been influenced straightway by the demonstrator actually eating the food. However despite this Galef also found similar results correct when the test rats were familiar with both cocoa and cinnamon flavoured food.The social theory says that interactions with other members of a social root present an intellectual challenge and primate intelligence has been evolved in response to this challenge. It has been suggested that intelligence is an evolutionary adaptation for solving social problems. The most intelligent species are the social animals, which are bees, parrots, dolphins, elephants, wolves, monkeys, etc. The group living could have set the stage for the evolution of intelligence in two ways sociality which increases the esteem of having better information, because information is one commodity that that can be given awa y and kept at the same time. For example a more intelligent animal within a group has the benefit of knowledge and what it can get in exchange for the knowledge.Secondly group living itself has new cognitive challenges. Social animals send and receive signals to coordinate predation, defence, and foraging and sexual behaviour. They exchange favours, repay and enforce debts, revenge cheaters and join coalitions. Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis came from various related hypotheses, which Bryne and Whiten (1988) brought together. This suggests that deceiving and detecting deception are the primary reason for the evolution of intelligence. Evidence supports this, as Bryne and Whiten (1992) have shown that there is a unafraid positive correlation between neocortex ratio and the prevalence of tactical deception in various primates and this implies that there is a clear relationship between social manipulation and intelligence.

Effective Religious Practices Essay Example for Free

Effective Religious Practices EssayThroughout our history, leading of various religious cabals have subprogramd a number of methods, materials, and programs to initiate their followers into a plastered ideology or belief system. This has proved to be both useful and destructive over the consort of time. We have seen many horrifying events take place in the name of accepted religions (Jim Jones, The Peoples Church), and have likewise seen many cases that could serve as a heart of hope for others (Mother Teresa).The outcome of events that are sparked by the system of a new religious sect, are primarily influenced by the programs and methods used by the sects religious leader, to drill his followers to believe in certain belief systems, and commit actions that are justified by those key beliefs. When analyzing how a religious sect instructs its followers, or disciples, we should analyze both positive and negative correlations shared by various sects, in doing this, we co uld determine what practices have proved beneficial to society, and which ones have proved to be destructive.When law-abiding certain subgenus Pastors methods in instructing their followers, we could come to the assumption that a leader who preaches a peaceful and uplifting message is much likely to attr fighting(a) followers who share the equivalent views, on the other hand, a pastor who preaches destructive and self righteous message is more likely to have a bend that reflects those same views. For example, Joel Olsten, a pastor at Lakewood perform, has a consistent uplifting message that he shares with his congregation on a daily basis.When using this method of preaching, the pastor is not focusing on the negative actions of few of the members of his congregation, (Hell, or Damnation) but quite a inspiring them to try harder, or to do better. When a pastor further focuses on topics such as sin, Hell, or damnation, then many members of his congregation will leave step ash amed and scared, rather than uplifted and motivated.A useful method that a pastor can use is always having sermons with a positive and uplifting theme, focused on whats ahead for an individual rather than what they have done in there past. Another useful method practiced by certain pastors is not classifying there religion under a certain categories, such as Catholic, Methodist, or ecclesiastic Witness, but rather inviting people of all faiths to join, not just a select view. In practicing this, a pastors congregation has the potential to grow, without being confined by a certain sects moral philosophies.A church is only as powerful as its congregation, the larger the congregation, the more influence a church has in its meet communities. When practicing such things, a pastor does not decide himself to one moral view, but rather stays open minded and tolerant to the many views that his congregation may have. If I were to become a pastor, I wouldnt be subject to one peculiar(preno minal) faith, but rather welcome any faith to my congregation.I feel that it is important to have a diverse congregation it teaches people how to be tolerant and appreciative of another persons belief system. This ideology excessively proves useful in expanding a churchs intact number of members, therefore harboring growth and general success. As a churchs congregation grows, so does its net worth, and its influence in its surrounding communities. Secondly, I would choose to preach messages of hope rather than self-shame.I would want people to come to my church and leave with a renewed vision of hope, so that they are self motivated to become active members in there communities. In my opinion, this would prove to be very effective in increasing the total number of people in my congregation. In conclusion, it is far more beneficial when recruiting members for a congregation, to appeal to everybodys emotional needs, by preaching an unbiased message that has a theme based in hope, a nd inspiration.

Accounting standards and principles Essay Example for Free

Accounting standards and principles EssayIn 1973, worldwide bill system standards committee issued inter democracyal account standards (IAS) which lasted till 2000 when they were replaced by IFRS. These be standard found principles, accounting practices guidelines, interpretations and framework adopted by the (IASB) (Epstein Jermakowicz, 2010). In 2001, IASC was replaces by IASB which was dominanced in alignting international accounting standards. The objective of IFRS is to demand companies monetary narrations to ring truth and fair view of companies affairs as at item date (Epstein Jermakowicz, 2010).Generally trustworthy accounting standards are principles and accounting guidelines recognized by a given territory, jurisdiction or more or less countries especially the get together States to supplement the employment and objectives of IFRS. Financial statements should be presented, summarized and recorded based on particular in the main convections, rules, et hics and standards in a certain jurisdiction i. e. GAAP. Formulation of GAAP and IFRS For consistency and rectitude in pecuniary statements which detail the performance of a company, certain rules and standards must apply.See more satiric elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essayThese are commonly referred to as generally accepted and all accounting victors apply them as appropriate and ethical. Failure to apply them in accounting field result to hold penalty by either body governing the practice or the territory restraining unethical practices to professionals. diverse committees and bodies are put in places as setters which formulate and develop these accounting standards. International Financial reporting standards are developed and formulated by International Accounting Standards Board while Generally reliable Accounting Principles are formulated by local pecuniary reporting standards board.In the United States, the memorial tablet and development are deviat ed by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), American Institute of Certified in the public eye(predicate) Accountants (AICPA), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (Miller Bahnson, 2002). All these bodies and committees have antithetical roles and objectives which are agreed upon on influence to different accounting sectors profession generally accepted principles.International financial reporting standards are based in International Accounting Standards which are accepted globally. ISA changed its operations in 2000 and IFRS were added to cope with the changing dynamics of global accounting profession. Through discussions, contributions and comparison agreements, different bodies through their representatives append to the principles developed by IASB. Complete responsibility in all technical matters that include preparation and number of international financial reporting standards, are based on the selected IASB (ISCF IASB, 2007).Thus, the efforts of IASB involves, setting standards, formulating solve of adopting standards ensuring the needs of different countries in the globalizing accounting profession (Mwaura Nyaboga, n. d). Difference between GAAP and IFRS GAAP and IFRS have variety in their jurisdiction of usage, enforcement and the way these standards are formulated. International financial reporting standards are globally recognized accounting standards, which are set by IASC from 1973 to 2001 and from 2001 by IASB. GAAP are accounting standards recognized as generally accepted by the United States.In summarizing, put down and presenting accounting information within a nation, the process is dictated by rules and convection of GAAP in the United States. International accounting standard board does non directly set or control provisions of rules and convections adopted by GAAP. Standards set by this unchewable board are based from agreements and suggestions from v arious local accounting boards e. g. Kenya accounting board (KAS). Various nations result try to incorporate the set standards within the GAAP in their country.FASB in America has a mandate to set accounting rules, convection and standards that are later adopted by the US GAAP (Mwaura Nyaboga, n. d). This means that the role of formulating and developing the rules and standards principally lie to the local accounting boards. Various nations have made it compulsory for their accounting practice to adopt IFRS rather than developing jurisdiction GAAP (Mwaura Nyaboga, n. d). In addition, differences on the implementation and saying exist in financial presentation between GAAP and IFRS.These differences are commonly in consolidation, statement of income format, inventory military rating and recognition, earning per share calculations and development cost recognition in financial statement. For example, in United States, consolidated financial statements are prepared on risk and rewar d models while international financial reporting standards prefers control based model where consolidation is done on the percentage of control and influence in subsidiaries and associates (Forgeas, 2008).Risks and rewards is more complicated since risk are subjective valued. Extraordinary items such as disparagement and amortization are included in the income statements infra IFRS and in the US GAAP are accounted for aft(prenominal) net income. This means extraordinary expenses are not taken to contribute net profits (Forgeas, 2008). below(a) the US GAAP, companies have option to use either LIFO OR FIFO methods of inventory valuation while in IFRS, LIFO method which is historical valuation method is recommended.When computing for earning per share under IFRS average on temporarys calculations are not included whereas in the US GAAP, computation requires that individual interim increase in shares be done averagely (Forgeas, 2008). Capitalization on development expenditure is do ne under IFRS and recognized as fixed asset while in the US GAAP capitalization is not done on development expenditure but is accounted for in income statement as expenses (Forgeas, 2008). Another difference between GAAP and IFRS is how movements are interpreted to mean. It is commonly argued that GAAP within a nation is rule based and IFRS is principle based.This means that transactions are interpreted based on the stated rules and standards. Ruled based interpretations lies with the professional judgment on certain transaction treatments in account. For principle based interpretation, the IFRS provide on more judgmental way to interpret transactions. This implies that principles are there to the interpretation of transaction and in rule based is on the professional judgment. The problems arise on whether judgment is accurate professional judgment or guessed professional judgment to transactions treatment (Forgeas, 2008). Benefits of GAAP and IFRSUses of standardized procedures t o financial statements summarizing, recording and presentation to the users bears a number of benefits to both the reporting entity and the user such as shareholder, lenders, creditors or the administration taxation organ. Adoption of GAAP in the US and IFRS by other countries gives significant economic and financial benefits to decision fashioning. both(prenominal) approaches give consistency in managing companies and it is easy to compare companies using the same standards. Both standards put strict measures on deviation from the rules and ethics in a particular standard.In around countries for a company to trade public GAAP and IFRS must be followed and they require all financial statements be subjected to an independent audit and opinion thereby be given on the applicability of standards in the company. These independent accountants (auditors) must certify financial statements and any notes to financial statement have been prepared and to be presented in accordance of either of the standard. These two provide adequate explanations and definitions to transactions, provide needed assumptions to these transaction and methods apply in either computations or accounting for the transaction.By this, companies are able to follow the requirements year by year enhancing comparisons/benchmarks between companies and consistency in business operations. Valuation of various assets and liabilities both at the deject and at the end of the year would be different between companies giving hectic time in comparison and auditing. These two standards enhance transparence and uniformity of valuation procedures of assets. For example, valuation of assets like investment and stocks unsuccessful profits can be ambiguous if such standards are not in place.Conclusion To make financial statement present a true and fairly performance and position of the business at a particular date, financial accounting standards are needed. High quality standards need to be set for reliable i nformation that is adequate and useful to investor or creditor. These high quality standards and enforcement will provide hydrofoil in business operations and promote full discloser to financial information which gives consistent application making statement user perform comparison of year by year and among competing companies.

Impact of Western Culture in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Impact of westward Culture in Bangladesh EssayThe following search piece deals with the Impact of westbound kitchen-gardening in our society includes bulks thought according their age level, how the Bengali close is becoming a occidentalized and which factors argon think with that. We took only Dhaka city for our search quite a undersize.AcknowledgementFirst of alone we would standardized to thank our Almighty God, because of His blessings were al tracks with us so that we were able to shade this report.We argon grateful to more throng for providing us encouragement and book during our learning and act asing while making this report and we fatality to quest our gratefulness to these people. We atomic number 18 very untold grateful to Prof.Toufiqul Islam, our teacher of Research Methodology course, who provided us opportunity to do this report. It was non possible for us to perform this report without his sincere permission, constant support and inspirat ion. We express our gratefulness to him.Our pleasant thanks to totally of our respondents who gave us all kinds of support and important cultivation related to our report. We would besides bid to thank our friends and peers for their encouragement, support, and suggestions which helped us to make this report an effective one.1. IntroductionBangladesh is a melting pot of races. She, t herefore, has a mixed ending. Howalways, her deep rooted heritage is amply reflected in her architecture, literature, dance, drama, melody and painting and as well as in peoples cargonerstyle. She has own Language Bengali which boasts a fecund literary heritage.Now if we speak to the highest degree Western nuance, it is a wide range of farming that performed by the whole world. Now-a-days this polish is highly spreading in our country and people ar paying their post into westward close by the help of globalization.Mostly the modern generations and highly aristocratic families be very much influenced by western culture which holds nix come to on our own culture. So, we cod to make make believe consciousness to thecommunity for making strong pagan bond and better society.From that sense, it is necessary to dash a research about the electric shock of Western culture in our society. And, we believe that the following research report will help to find out the conclusion with valuable recommendation.1.1 Basic of the field of honor East Pakistani culture is influenced by deuce-ace great religions- Hinduism, Buddhism band Islam in successive order, with Islam having the most pervading and lasting impact. Like a colorful montage, the pagan tradition of the country is a happy blending of many variants, unique in diversity alone in essence greatly symmetrical.On the incompatible hand, Western culture began in Ancient Greece. Today, Western culture has at least some presence in nearly all nations of the world. It does not presently exist, however, anywhere in a perfect and complete form. Western culture currently dominates in many Western and Central European nations and several nations settled by Europeans and their descendants. Western culture overly signifi elicittly exists in many Asian nations, such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, and it is increasingly influential in India and China. Western culture currently has lilliputian meaningful presence also in Bangladesh. 4In this research report we choose Dhaka city as for many reason uniform shortage of snip, also we live in this city so it is quite prospering for our study, besides as Dhaka city is the capital of Bangladesh and most aristocratic family live in this city. So it is also casual to know about peoples thought on our topic.1.2 Background of the studyFrom the historical perspective, East Pakistani culture has rich literary heritage. The riverside landscape and the monsoon climate are closely related to the ethnical practices of this country. It focuses the lifestyles and culture value of the indigenous people. From the earlier age, people give value and maintain companionable tradition which are in our culture.However, people are now following some of the western cultures beside their own one. Mostly, the young generation is very much interested on English movies, western music, dresses, foods and some other things sort of than Bengali culture. Now, young generation and scour also middle age people are not that much conscious about Bengali culture because of the globalization. In this way, Bengali culture is now no more than originated by own culture, even it is losing her own value. In this research, we overhear convictions about the impact of western culture from people by field go over.1.3 Importance of the topicFor our research, we choose The Impact of Western culture In Our Society as our topic for its importance on the effect of cultural globalization (which means the commercialisation of culture). Now a days the production and consumption of cultural goods and services has become commodities, along with the essentials of social life ( marriage and family life, religion work and leisure). What once was an element of the way of life becomes a product, rather than something unique men had made to suit their own needs and circumstances. In urban Bangladesh, technology of multi- im surgical incision TV began in 1991 and hence satellite broadcasting has been delivering lots of channels to viewers. Cultural domination by electronic media within the society thus has eventually become a major look up of sociological inquiry. The present study is one of such effort to look at how the urban people, broadly speaking youth has accepted and responded to their access to Western culture. 31.4 Literature ReviewIn this take beat off we raise some of the learning which is discussed in different articles and reports relevant to our topic. Even though many book focused about the impact of western cultur e and how people are taking it besides their own one without any hesitation. by and by reviewing different sources, we just focus on The Impact of Western Culture in Our Society from tercet different angles. These are Impact of cultural Globalization. Positive impact of westernization. Negative impact of westernization.Impact of socio cultural GlobalizationNow a days every country in this world is case-hardened as village, you can imagine whatever you can. Thats the way people are communicate tardily to each other make things differences. Globalization has only one overarching featureintegration. It is all about collectiveness and ever increasing interconnectedness. It in effect influences everything, whether it is a company or a country. But here is a fact, is globalization all the way keeps help to connect to each other or build a strong communication in borderless world? If it is a question, then how it impacts in our society as wellspring as in our culture? The Cable telev ision has made different attraction in nigh the world as well as in Bangladeshi household. Foreign movies have come and have reflected their culture in it. This has made a huge impact on the minds of the Bangladeshi people. Not to summon the unaffixed availability of Internet whose reach even extends till rural areas?The internet has opened up opportunities for people to learn more about foreign cultures and places. It has made Bangladeshi more acceptable and broad-minded towards change. Globalization has broken all borders. As a payoff, the new generation of Bangladeshi is more knowledgeable, more aware and more interested in the world around them. In our society, women who were once the exploited and do by part of the population, now assert their rights of being a woman. Women now have more access to pedagogics and know more about their rights and their identity as a woman. Nowadays, you find women in the society who work alongside men. Men-dominated fields see the coming u p of the woman. Men and women are slowly being case-hardened equally. However, this does not mean that all Bangladeshi women are fully free. In many places, exploitation whitewash continues. 5Positive impact of westernizationDue to globalization, westernization is spreading out all over the world. Westernization has been placed in different countries because of globalization and needless to say, it has had an impact on the Bangladesh way of life. It has out-rooted the handed-down Bengali culture and the rate at which westernization is happening to Bangladesh is surprising. Regional oral communications are on the process of re repaird. In many ways instating of regional language people have been used to English in particular in urban areas youngsters. It had started get fixing with western clothing, western languages, western mannerisms and everything else westernized. Beside, the festival of Pohela Baishak, people is now celebrating same(p) other western cultural festivals sp ecially in young crowdsuch as- Valentines Day, Friendship Day, Mothers day, Fathers day. And other world-wide celebrations.Now a day people are concern about how we think about globally, what the other country are doing in their cultural come, just we observe and absorbing them. at that place is lot of issues that we automatically know about it even he/she has a little knowledge about westernization. But, people are moving with it in all the way.Negative impact of westernizationAt the side of the decreed, Bangladeshi people are involving day by day with negative activities which our own culture because of following western culture. However no matter have occurred by this way, what people are doing in our society. With Globalization and westernization of our culture, Bangladesh now has access to things like adult movies, pornographic material, sex toys and other sexual content from all around the world especially in young group of people. Bangladeshis population has been corrup ted thanks by easy access which has been brought about by westernization. In fact, this has gone to such limits that now pornographic material is even made in Bangladesh also.These perverted habits have raised a population who sometimes are so full of hunger for that they choice to rape. It is a fact that rape cases have risen since the spread of globalization. So that, western dress is another factor that creates an imbalance in our society especially for woman group (whenever girls wear a shirt, t-shirt, and pant in our society, due to feel or sensation of comfortable) which does not yield within our culture as majority of Muslim nationality. For wearing that kind of dresses men are mostly thinking in negative sense. In a view of culture, how and from which cases we are thinking that Bengali culture becomes westernized, for that we assume several other questions which are listed below, Why we think about westernization? Is westernization needed to satiate our Bengali culture? To identify what kind of differentiations within peoples thought about westernization from different age level? What are the options available for Bangladesh?The previous findings have reported results on the western culture effect on urban youth generation in our society. However, according to above mentioned circumstances, the present study takes the initiative to conduct an trial-and-error investigation based on the impact of western culture in our society includes peoples thought according their age level, how the Bengali culture is becoming a westernized and which factors are related with that. The findings from this study will work as a valuable guideline to give respect our own culture and to be a wholesome Bangladeshi.1.5 Objectives of the studyThe main objective of this study is to focus on the impact of western culture based on different age level and build up the cognizance about the negative sides among Bangladeshi people.According to our objectives we have decided th at we will give our full financial aid and also we will be very active and patience to behold our research. In this way, we can fulfill our research successfully with a bunch of information.2. Research MethodFor conducting our research, we implement research modes that directly related to our topic which indicates the shopping center information about a research and explains how that information is correlated. In our research method we include study material, info ingathering method and data analysis method which help to go our research result and discussion section. For this part we will fulfill some specific requirements, Describe process as solely as possible so that someone cant duplicate it completely Define take in and characteristics, which is consistent throughout the test. List the variables used these are what change, or manipulate, throughout the test. canvass to precise criticism which might arise from readers mind.2.1. Study MaterialsIn this part, we get ho ld of study materials from people thought. Thats why, we define render into three categorized way and taking out specific data from different age class people. Three age class Age 18-30 (class 1) Age 31-45(class 2) and Age 45+ (class 3) For doing this part effectively we collect data from different age level and clarify about the variation of their thoughts about western culture beside Bangladeshi culture. Class 1 Most of the Class 1 people are student and some of them are service h aged(a). It is very much easy to clarify their thoughts into short hitch of time. Class 2 In our class 2, most of the people are service holder and they are in middle age. Class 3 Finally last group is class 3 and people are no more in their job or involved in other social activities, basically people are staying with their family, but still we found that some them are even also involved with their job.2.2. Methods of Collection DataData collection process is crucial process in research report, if the process is biased or incomplete then its very difficult to analyze the data and it decreases quality of report. For our research purpose we get information from both two type of data collection source one is primary data and another one is secondary data. special data Primary data indicates the core information about the topic and data collected from field survey work. There are different types of survey like,We make a structured questionnaire, which has been attached in the Appendix- 1 of this paper. This questionnaire is for three age level people and we give it to them like who is mostly able to read and understand what we are satisfyingly wants. In this survey types, responder give their opinion about our topic in indite and multiple choice form. For this part we take total sixty exemplifications (each class 20 samples) as our core requirement.2.3. Methods of Analyzing DataIn this part we analyze the collected data from our survey- questionnaire. here(predicate), we represe nt those data by graph, graph and table which is called frequency counting data. However, in case of qualitative data we take observation method. We collect our samples and put it them into a quantitative form so that we represents it as a percentage form.3. Result, Discussion FindingsTo complete this part we consider several item to measure our determine information. All we know that cultural issue is very diverse concept which contains many ideas that indicates different type of individual characteristics. So that here we gift some of those issue that indicate cultural aspect directly and by conducting a questionnaire survey we found some answer of specific data that might indicate and fulfill our main objectives.Due to presenting our result and discussion, we work with three different age scale of people which was define in earlier part and want to indicate the variation of pickence between each class. Here, we identify our final result in percentage form and firstly we colle ct appearance from responders, extend responders number (total sample 60) and make it as percentage form indicates what percentage people are ordainedly responses our questions. After that add up all the heads percentage make it as average percentage point out how many people are positive about western culture.Firstly we want to know from responders western culture in familiar way. By asking those responders give their individual opinion about general requirements. In the first part of questionnaire following heads are included. Table1 Western Culture in responders mind in generalDepending on above information we assume that by a simple calculation (average) of those data and show as it a percentage form. So that Bengali people now think about western culture from basic perspective approximately 39%. It means that they are positively given their opinion regarding western culture in our culture. And other way 61% responders gave non- positive responses which indicate might they s elect positive as Bengali culture.In different region different kind of cultural views and life style are followed. It seems to if one countrys positive thought is appreciate it might the negative for another country. So that we collect sample in a way that really Bengali people are absorbing WC day by day. Table2 Views and lifestyle preference in responders mindSources A survey conducted for this research in July, 2010This table indicates four different view of western culture in our people. We bring this heads to find out how many people intentionally or unintentionally belief WC views and lifestyle. Firstly in class1 60%, class2 30% and class3 25%, and also in total sample 38% people prefer nuclear family rather extended family, where most of WS has nuclear family. another(prenominal) most important in our marriage system which one we prefer, from our cultural view mostly prefer arrange marriage. But in our survey class1 60%, class2 70% and class3 20%, and also in total sample 5 0% people are appearance with love or affair marriage. Similarly class1 80%, class2 90% and class3 90%, and also in total sample 87% people support with husband and wife have to live together. And also class1 55%, class2 35% and class3 10%, and also in total sample 34% people usually celebrate western festival beside their own one. Graph.B Views and lifestyle preference in responders mindNow here we represent a chart indicate 52% people are support western culture values and fixing up in their mind. People are no more in our traditional culture by origin day by day it changes and will changes in next generation. And other way 48% responders gave non- positive responses which indicate might their belief in Bengali traditional value.Bangladeshi people are now a days changing their behavior and habit in food, dress and other activities also. Easily converted to western ideas some cases it makes a question mark in our ethical perspective also. We referred those western materials by lik e fast food is needed to minimize time consumption and also its comfortable for shot meal. other thing, people like to wear western dress for fashion and for comfortable. Similarly now people are conscious about their health so that mostly younger are goes to gym even middle aged people also.Sources A survey conducted for this research in July, 2010Here in this table represents to how many people are preferred with western tests and habit. We indentify peoples individual test, preference and habit in their first-string life. Representing four head define how many people positively response our concerns. Firstly in class1 30%, class2 0% and class3 0%, and also in total sample 10% people prefer fast food in their regular meal. Another thing is in class1 55%, class2 45% and class3 10%, and also in total sample 37% people prefer western dress in their dress code. In class1 50%, class2 60% and class3 85%, and also in total sample 65% people regularly maintain their ghostlike activitie s. And last one is in class1 75%, class2 25% and class3 15%, and also in total sample 38% people now people now think about going to gymnasium for sensible fitness exercise. Individual classes graph and chart are enclosed in appendix part.Graph.C Personal tastes, preferences and habits of the respondents This chart indicates peoples day to day life that how many of them support western test and habit. Here we found there are 36% people are positively responds our specific questions and give their real interest on western culture by survey. And other way 64% responders gave non- positive responses which indicate might they prefer Bengali test and habit.From very beginning Bengali people might in some case restricted. Like people were not that much free or friendly with their parents. Another thing is mentally depends on parents and also relatives. But at present we see some positive idea which is really effective for us like easy relationship with parents, self dependency and so on Sources A survey conducted for this research in July, 2010This table shows that, in class1 70%, class2 65% and class3 50%, and also in total sample 62% people think very easy relationship with parents. Another thing is in class1 10%, class2 30% and class3 65%, and also in total sample 35% people prefer self dependency due to mentally support. And in class1 55%, class2 30% and class3 10%, and also in total sample 32% people like to enjoy any designer with friends.Graph.D Relationships with parents, siblings and peer groups of the respondents Above graph shows responders relationship status between family, friends or siblings. Here we found 43% responders support of very easy relationship, self dependency and celebrate occasion with friends. And other hand 57% responders non- positively responds, meaning to say they prefer other status for their relationship, like not so easy relationship with parents, mentally depends on parents and also family belongingness.Finally we found that, p eople as responders now consider western culture. Approximately half of our total responders support with it. From the positive point of view day by day people absorbing western cultural values, sometimes its brings a good for our society. But on the other hand it diminishing our own cultural vale which nobody wants, so that we have to concern our cultural issues as much as possible and which one is good we have to must(prenominal) take it and also avoid bad thing that brings imbalance in our culture. ObservationFor this research we need to take observation method for getting more information. By our observation, we found that, in case of Muslim family, an older woman embarrassed over and is desperately trying to avoid eye contact in TV screen, blazing loud music on the popular music video channel, MTV. The inadequately dressed conferrer introduces her top song for the week. A star celebrity dressed in so very little and exposed herself as much as possible. The old womans son is ca ptive by what he sees. He pays no attention to his mother, young wife or even his own little son also. In this way, Children are involving some bad works which derived from western culture particularly from overseas telegram connection at their home. In some cases, young generation forget to respect their elder one.In our field survey, we observe that, boys and girls are very much interested on going to DJ society at different night club. And, sometimes they want to live together before marriage which is super prohibited by our culture. Boys are using Tattoos on their body also.The present scenario of Bangladeshi culture like as in this diagram we show that, western stuffs like shirt, pant, music and festivals are now mixed bag with Bengalis traditional stuffs.4. Limitation of studyTo conduct this research we had some limitations, first of all it should be mentioned that we are beginning level of researcher and the topic was controversial as it holds both positive and negative i mpact in our society according to peoples perception.As there was time limitation, we cannot collect sufficient data and samples relating to our topic which is very difficult stuff to fulfill the analyzing of samples. While workings for this report we found there was not available data related with our topic to get economic aid from the internet, books, articles, research papers to make a well furnished literature review and secondary sources. As a result, it took a lot of time to gather information from other sources.5. Conclusion and RecommendationEventually, it can be concluded that, this research has found a lot of significant issues that is Western culture is not a curse to our society but it can bring a lot of negative effects. We must understand that the young generations are the future image of our country. So, it is necessary to enlighten them about our own cultural values which will make our nation proud. In Bangladesh perspective, since it is the one of very few and one way concentration on the impact of western culture. I hope that this thesis contains the groundwork of further research, which whitethorn find useful tools considering the probable findings in the long run. No study has been done at before. However, for doing this research we used our best analysis and tried to make the research as full proof but due to short sample, we cannot recommend it as full proof. Thats why, we want to recommend for further accommodation as we believe that research is a never ending process.

Romeo and Juliet - Zeffirelli and Luhrmann Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Zeffirelli and Luhrmann EssayThe two main video interpretations of Shakespe ares Romeo and Juliet are Zeffirellis, made in 1968, and Luhrmanns, made in 1997. Although they use the same original script written by Shakespeare, these two films are very different. Zeffirellis is eagerness in the 16th century, at the time when the screenplay would have first of all been written whereas Luhrmann has set his film in modern time but still using the Shakespearian language. The most popular and well-known perspective of Romeo and Juliet is the balcony icon where Romeo and Juliet first declare their love for distributively other. Luhrmanns version of the balcony scene is started with a shrill crock up as Romeo enters the Capulets house and knocks a post to the ground. This gains the audiences attention immediately for the scene. Romeos movements are clumsy and speech is fast and raspy. Romeo escapes out(a)side and awkwardly attempts to climb a vine below Juliets w indow. The camera pans out frequently to show the compute of their entire Capulet estate, this shows the importance of where they are as its a forbidden area for Romeo to be. Romeos inept actions put a brief comical twist into this classic tragedy. From Juliets window, a small figurine of the Virgin Mary commode be seen for a short time through the curtains. This has a strong symbolic meaning, showing the demarcation line between Romeo and Juliets sexual intentions and a sense of purity and religion.It could also be a symbol of ideal meant for Romeo and Juliet. When Juliet is first seen in the Lurhmann version, she is the complete opposite of Romeo. Juliet is wearing a flowing white dress, signifying her innocence and inexperience she delicately exits an elevator and begins to speak her lines with full use of facial expressions, acting confused and stressing the unimportance of names. Romeo jumps out abruptly and the serenity of Juliet looking over her swimming pool is broken b y her shocked sopranino scream. The two fall together into the pool with the same startling affect used at the source of the balcony scene, grabbing the attention of the audience. The sudden movements are quickly slowed as Romeo and Juliet start to talk.Their words are hurried and thither is an obvious need for secrecy which is stressed by the security cameras and guards surrounding the area. Their kisses are romantic and pleasant but not lackingpassion. Juliet is suddenly struck with fear of being caught with Romeo and with another sudden movement, she leaves the pool. The scene ends romantically and with both Romeo and Juliet feeling happy. Throughout the film, Romeo and Juliet are both on the same level, showing that their characters are equal at this time. The romantic feel is constantly interrupted by sudden movements or noises to keep on the audiences concentration, making the film interesting to watch.Zeffirelli starts the balcony scene with Romeo gazing longingly at Jul iet who is on her balcony dreamily staring crosswise her garden. Romeos lines are whispered, romantic and spoken very slowly and softly. The scene is shot through the leaves to show the arcanum and danger of Romeos being there. The bright light silhouettes Juliets figure like an angel. Juliets dress is low cut and quite a revealing making her seem mature and seductive, which is very different to Luhrmanns interpretation of Juliet as his is very innocent. When Juliet first sees Romeo, her actions create quick, rushed and sudden. Juliet spends the entire When Romeo and Juliet share a kiss it is sexually motivated and very passionate. Romeos movements become excited and quick as he swings from trees.The relationship between Romeo and Juliet is very passionate and lustful as opposed to how the relationship was portrayed in Lurhmann. When Juliet decides its time for Romeo to leave, the pace of the film slows once again. The voices become romantic instead of sexual. As Romeo and Juliet part, the camera pans out to show their hands drifting further apart from each other in a slow lethargic movement showing the separation and isolation of Romeo and Juliets character. Zeffirellis film was very serious, stressing on infatuation where as Lurhmanns film was light-hearted and showed real love between Romeo and Juliet.

The characters in eastenders Essay Example for Free

The characters in eastenders probeThe characters in Eastenders be very stereotypical Lon through with(p)rs, the accent, the clothes and the way of living. Where as in Emmerdale theyre country develop type people. Their way of life is completely different that goes with come in studying the setting is completely different Eastenders is establish in Albert Squ are and the Queen Vic- invariablyything happens within these limitations and Emmerdale is found on a village and the Woolpack this is a much(prenominal) wider limitation.The paper lines in theory are very similar and are strikeed completely differently. The tv camera angles used in Emmerdale arent as good as Eastenders because in Emmerdale it matchms theyre limited to two cameras in to individually one scene and theyre usu entirelyy close ups of faces moreover in Eastenders they use 3+ cameras per scene and use a mix of tracking and close ups In rough(prenominal) gooks the characters all seem to have proble ms and big mishaps in their lives. In Eastenders ALL the characters are linked in one way or a nonher which is done very cleverly. Its pretty much the same in Emmerdale the characters are mostly linked due to late(prenominal) hi humbug or such like. Using the limitations in both soaps causes intensity as everything is happening in the same placeIn both shows you generally see the same faces. The shows are both based on roughly 25+ characters. The story lines are very dramatic and the acting in Eastenders is that pungency better than Emmerdale but theyre both done so well. It seems inn both soaps life unceasingly goes on and story lines are forgotten with the click of a finger by characters and the audience. This happens in nearly all soaps The audience Eastenders is aimed at is roughly 10+ due to the timing of 730-8pm where as Emmerdale is aimed at 8-9+ as its on at 7 O clock In real life we have our ups and our downs but I feel it seems in Eastenders, Emmerdale and Coronation St reet for that fact that everybody just has downsIn real life people do have complicated social relationships but in Eastenders AND Emmerdale it seems no one ever doesnt have them.-This is very fake. The television presents soaps very well and its clear lots of ruling goes into all soaps but I feel that more thought and money go into Eastenders rather than Emmerdale. The meanings of most big story lines are to help others who are either in the same situation or having a fallacious time to boost their confidence or to draw in viewers.Eastenders story lines are more OTT and they are easily leaked to TV mags and newspapers I think this is to draw viewers but it just spoils the story lines because 99% of the time you know exactly whats happening The audience find it appealing to square up others lives being messed up and problems happen because it makes them feel better and see their problem from another perspective and think maybe my lifes not so bad This is good and is conveyed in a ll soaps. Both Eastenders and Emmerdale have a couple of rattling bitchy characters, which are really amusing to watch. The props in the scenes in both well thought out and in Eastenders the endings(cliff-hangers) are extremely well thought out to make you want to watch the next episode.There are several Genres within soaps these include comedy, horror mainly reality and some(prenominal) more. Some scenes in Eastenders and Emmerdale are funny and cheer you up and you can look back on them and still chuckle but, then again some of the scenes and story lines thought up are steep and disgusting and you feel you dont want to watch any more but youre dying to find out what happens There are themes within Soaps, these are the story lines within Genres Themes are used to support views.The expression in Eastenders of story lines is to take a story line and over dramatises it x10. Where as in Emmerdale the story lines are less dramatised and more realistic but this isnt what people want to see they want to see big problems and arguments. This is what makes Eastenders more popular soap of the two. The scene setting sets a basis of the soap i.e. in Eastenders the common accents and in Emmerdale the farms etc The presentational device is much better conveyed in Eastenders.The cast size in both soaps is roughly the same and thither are about 15 main characters in each These play the superior roles and the others play large roles but are labelled extras. In both soaps there are swines and people that are just gits and theres also the sort of people who are lovely and comradely to everyone weather they like them or not Not everyone has someone to fall back on in soaps and this is realistic and usually leads to them doing something stupid or bizarre.Eastenders and Emmerdale are two very different, popular and competitive soaps They both have a good narrative structure and convey stories and problems brilliantly. But thats what most of the story lines are stories and not facts or real life situations. The denotation(what is seen) is always done to a high standard in Eastenders and a good quality in Emmerdale and usually gives a clear connotation (what the denotation doer) They have a variety of Genres, which define the conventions of each story line. This forms on going story lines which isnt always a good thing because sometimes they drag on and put people off the soapThe general over exaggeration, dramatisation, tone and imagery form the presentational device within soaps. This is deep in both soaps. This causes the effect of addiction. You watch one episode and find yourself asking questions like what happened between so and so and is she always that bitchy etc then you find you cant wait until the next episodeWe take off so caught up in the lives of the characters their lives take priority over ours and we make time to see what is happening. The characters in both soaps use different facial expressions and tones of voice to form the structural device. This is built in to convey a point this is regularly used in both Emmerdale and EastendersThe audience identification(what makes the audience like the soap) is the characters, you rifle loving or hatred towards them with characters like Little Mo(EASTENDERS) and Kathy(EMMERDALE) you want to give them a hug and some friendly advice but with characters like Trevor(EASTENDERS) and Kaine(EMMERDALE) you want them to be locked up and the key thrown away. The content of the soaps on a basis of realism is surprisingly very low because the realism of story lines is probably 90% but the way theyre conveyed takes them down to about 40% this isnt a bad thing as the audiences do love itTo round up my essay Id say Eastenders isnt realistic, it is addictive, the actors and actresses are brilliant, it has the most dramatic story lines, its camera work is more effective and its the most popular soap at the moment. To round up Emmerdale Id say its a nice location, the actors and actresses a re good and very realistic, the camera work could be improved by an extra camera and the story lines could be dramatised a little more this would make the soap a lot more popular

Hobbes and kant Essay Example for Free

Hobbes and kant Es secernThe first humans on earth were primative clans that stuck together. As time developed so did the mind of the human. As the minds of humans started to expand, society developed and so did its m some(prenominal) other aspects. One of those aspects is the kind contract. A tender contract are theories that try to explain the ship loaferal in which raft form commonwealths and/or maintain well-disposed set up. The notion of the social contract implies that the people give up some justs to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law. It can in addition be thought of as an agreement by the governed on a set of rules by which they are governed. both theorists that had very strong views on the social contract were Thomas Hobbes and Immanuel Kant. Although both of these theorists believed in a social contract they both had different views on what it exactly meant. Hobbes was a different kind of phi losopher that had a very pessimistic view on humanity. In Hobbes book the Leviathan, he believed that humans were natur totallyy nasty creatures and required to be regulated in a society.For Hobbes mavin thing he in like manner believed in was Utilitarianism, which is the confide for pleasure that drives our actions, basically, the most useful choice for your benefit. Hobbes had a theory that was called the call down of spirit, which in the eye of Hobbes was life for humans before any kind of laws or governments. He says that the state of genius is a violent place with no lows. In the state of nature there is no business, no throwaway of time, buildings, and there is always danger around the corner.For Hobbes the state of nature was a savage place that could totally be fixed by laws, there is only peace when there is no war and no war is a place with laws. Hobbes came to the conclusion that humans cant live in groups without law. Hobbes was Lopez 2 soulfulness who thought that too much liberty was a bad thing for humans. Hobbes would say that the state of nature is because too much liberty. This is why Hobbes believed in the social contract, a monarch butterfly must be completed to regulate on the population.In Hobbes version of the social contract there must be a commonwealth or common state in which all citizens can get hold safe. Citizens must feel safe in the common wealth in order for success and its the responsibility of the sovereign to make sure it is successful. Yet another important variable of the social contract is the consent of the mass. You must gain consent from the governed in order to demand a commonwealth. Hobbes does not believe in forego will so when he says, consent what he really believes is that the commonwealth will happen no matter of the mortals consent or not.But with giving consent the governed must realize that they are giving up definite liberties and freedoms. One of them being that they can not question the authority of the sovereign to rule, cant gobble up the sovereign, and/or protest his will. The liberty of the commonwealth is altered because they must now live a certain way in order to live in it. The liberty of the governed is special(a) to the sovereigns view of liberty. Hobbes also believed that humans had reason. In order for this to happen humans need reason. Reason separates humans from reasonless animals.Humans lease reputation, humans know private and public boundries, they can persuade and lie, and use that reason to make them a better liar. Once there is a commonwealth man is turned artificial. Kants version of the social contract is a bit different from that of Hobbes. For Kant the sovereign must recognize the received contract as an idea of reason that forces Lopez 3 the sovereign to give his laws in such a way that they could have arisen from the united will of a whole people and to regard each subject, insofar as he wants to be a citizen, as if he has joined in v oting for such a will.This original contract, Kant stresses, is only an idea of reason and not a historical event. Any rights and duties stemming from an original contract do so not because of any particular historical provenance, but because of the rightful relations embodied in the original contract. No empirical act, as a historical act would be, could be the foundation of any rightful duties or rights. The idea of an original contract limits the sovereign as legislator. The consent at issue, however, is also not an empirical consent based upon any veridical act.The set of actual particular desires of citizens is not the basis of determining whether they could possibly consent to a law. Rather, the kind of possibility at issue is one of rational possible unanimity based upon fair distributions of burdens and rights in abstraction from empirical facts or desires. Kant also believed in cosmopolitan right or ideal. Kants particular discussion of cosmopolitan right is restricted to the right of hospitality.Since all peoples share a limited amount of living space due to the spherical invent of the earth, the totality of which they must be understood to have originally shared in common, they must be understood to have a right to possible interaction with one another. This cosmopolitan right is limited to a right to offer to engage in commerce, not a right to demand actual commerce. A citizen of one state may try to establish links with other peoples no state is allowed to deny foreign citizens a right to travel in its land. resolution is another matter entirely. Kant is potently critical of the European colonization of other lands already Lopez 4 inhabited by other peoples. Settlement in these cases is allowed only by uncoerced informed contract. Even land that appears empty might be used by shepherds or hunters and cannot be appropriated without their consent Cosmopolitan ideal is an important component of continual peace. Interaction among the peoples of th e world, Kant notes, has increased in recent times.Violations of cosmopolitan right would make more difficult the leave and cooperation necessary for perpetual peace among states. The categorical imperative is the central philosophical concept in the moralistic philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Introduced in Kants Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, it may be define as the standard of rationality from which all moral requirements derive. According to Kant, human beings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in one eventual(prenominal) commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive.He defined an imperative as any proposition that declares a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary. Kants is similar to the social contract theory of Hobbes in a few important characteristics. The social contract is not a historical document and does not involve a historical act. In fact it can be dangerous to the stability of the st ate to even search history for such empirical justification of state power. The current state must be understood, regardless of its origin, to embody the social contact.The social contract is a rational justification for state power, not a result of actual deal-making among individuals or between them and a government. Another link to Hobbes is that the social contract is not voluntary. Individuals may be forced into the civil pattern against their consent. Social contract is not based on any actual consent, one might say the voluntary choice to join a society. Since the social contract reflects reason, each human being as a rational being Lopez 5 already contains the basis for rational agreement to the state.A unassailable difference between Kant and Hobbes is that Hobbes bases his argument on the individual benefit for each party to the contract, whereas Kant bases his argument on Right itself, understood as freedom for all persons in general, not even just for the individual be nefit that each party to the contract obtains in his or her own freedom. Hobbes and Kant had similarities and differences but for both the ultimate focus of the social contract was for a sovereign to rule over a society for the rock-steady of the commonwealth. Both theorist had different views on the aspects of the social contract.Hobbes believed that too much liberty causes humans to be ruthless and unjust in the state of nature. And the only way to break from the state of nature was to get a sovereign to rule and regulate. While, Kant believed in rights themselves and the cosmopolitan ideal. Both of these theorist were respected in their day along with their theories. The social contract is still a concept that exists today and could even be applied to our own country but the bottom line is that there will always have to be a social contract between state and population weather anyone likes it or not.