The Movie Crash - 1178 Words

Introduction In this society we are all interconnected: family, work, and culture; all of these systems help to shape our beliefs and world views. One s bias, one s values, one s stereotypes and assumptions is the direct result of one s culture. The movie Crash was a very fascinating movie. I never knew what was going to happen in the movie it portrays prejudice by one member of a group or culture against another member of a group or culture. Crash was like a melting pot of ethnicities, and they were all defined by racism. The movie reinforced those peoples’ assumptions about a person or group prevents them from seeing the true person, in addition to Crash being a movie about progressing. I, myself, have been a victim of intentional micro aggression. I can relate to Terrence Howard and his wife, Thandi Newton, as they were pulled over by a white police officer, Matt Dillon, for no justifiable reason. On one occasion I was in front of my home moving my car, and as I got out a w hite police officer pulled behind me in his car. He got out, and came toward me pushing me against my car. The officer then asked me for some identification; he told me that he thought that I came out of a drug house. Was it the officer’s belief that every black person is selling or buying drugs that caused his assumption? And if so, the officer, then, acted upon his assumptions and prejudice beliefs about African Americans. Cultural Identity Terrence Howard, Thandi Newton, Don Cheadle, JohnShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Crash Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesKC Libecki Professor Eisenberg SOC1101 The movie, Crash, demonstrates the lives of various individuals from divergent socio-economic classes, who have life changing experiences in between their conflicting prejudices and stereotypes. The theme of multiculturalism has also made its influence on the major characters of the movie: a white American district attorney and his wife who is constantly scared of the other; two African American thieves who steal their car, a racist police officer who offendsRead MoreThe Movie Crash 875 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie, Crash is a 3-time Academy Award Winner with an all-star cast consisting of Sandra Bullock, Matt Dillon, Don Cheadle and many others. However the one character that spoke most to me is the Persian man named Farhad who is acted by Shaun Toub. The movie introduced Farhad in the beginning of the movie as a Persian man with his adult daughter buying a gun at a gun shop but having difficulty due to racism. Throughout the movie we see Farhad struggling with racism directed towards him and howRead MoreThe Movie Crash 1074 Words   |  5 Pages The movie â€Å"Crash† is a very thought provoking movie about the underlying racial tensions in our society. It represented black, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern ethnicities and the stereotypes associated with each. The character I will be analyzing is Officer Ryan who is played by Matt Dillon. Ryan is a middle-aged police officer in Las Angeles, California who has been with the force for 17 years. He appears to be extremely racist in his multiple encounters with African Americans. Although officer RyanRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pages The movie â€Å"Crash† illustrates the reality of the society in which we live. Race, stereotypes, oppression, and marginalization played a major part in the reaction of the individuals in the movie, as it still exists today. Many will say that times have changed and things have become better since the days of slavery, but I cannot agree that this statement is true. This learner was yet young during this era; however, my ancestors endured much agony and pain for no particular reason. Today, minoritiesRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Crash 1662 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment during the film. You have to pay attention to the race in the film, the themes throughout the film and the gender roles played in the film. In the movie Crash we see many pairs where they each have their own different points of views on things and often bump heads due to their different opinions. When watching the film Crash you see the complete opposite of what you are used to and see that the film starts off in the middle of the plot and later on starts revealing the events thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Crash 963 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual, for instance the way they perceive others and also the way they perceive themselves. Paul Haggis’s movie â€Å"Crash† conceptualize on this idea and interpret it in an in entirely different way; so that we can see that there are reasons and motives to why our society is separated this type of way. The movie is full of many sociological issues, such as gender, race, and social class. The movie is centralize around racism, and wants to give its own interpretation on racism, the reasons why it happensRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Crash1926 Words   |  8 PagesThe Movie Crash takes place in Los Angeles, California in the winter time. Throughout this movie, all of the stories connect in one way or anoth er. This movie shows the lives of a diverse population of people, they have different race and social classes. In one of the first parts of the movie, they show a racist pawn shop owner that refuses to sell a gun to a man, simply because he is speaking to his daughter in another language, he generalizes all people of that race and accuses the man of â€Å"killingRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesWriter-director Paul Haggis Movie â€Å"Crash† written in 2004, tells an interconnecting story of what Whites, Blacks, Latinos, Iranians, cops and criminals. Regardless of their Social Economic Academic or Political background, they are all defined in one way or another by racism. Crash represents the modern condition as a violent bumper car ride (Variety) which connects stories based on coincidences serendipity, and luck as the lives of the characters crash against one another. The movie presumes that most peopleRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1055 Words   |  5 Pages1108 23 November 2015 Movie Analysis Although the movie Crash aired in 2004, the movie does a phenomenal job at depicting social conflicts that are still evident in 2015. Crash, also deals with wide range of controversies and offers multiple narratives. And since narrative is always a two-way street, the movie does a great job of showing two perspectives of everything. More specifically, it challenges our ethical and moral beliefs in a sense that many of the scenes in the movie reside in the grey areaRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1362 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"Crash†, this movie basically talks about racism and the impact it has on the lives of people in Los Angeles. This movie got a good response from the viewers, as it concentrated on some real harsh realities of racism and asked some hard questions which are generally avoided in movies. This movie clearly promotes the a very delicate issue, and hence requires some detailed assessment. I personally feel the movie was good and it portrayed some very common events of racism, I think â€Å"Crash† shows

Essay on The Greatest Leaders of the Past, Present, and...

Barack Obama, Lance Armstrong, Hitler, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Martin Luther King Jr. These are some of the millions upon millions of leaders that have been great leaders through the past, present and in the future. These leaders were the first into my head when I think about great leaders. All of these men women were magnificent leaders and continue to make impressions on the world today. There have been billions of leaders to walk this very earth but there are some questions to ask. How many of these leaders were/are great leaders? What makes a great leader? Who is the greatest leader of all? When I was asked to think of the most inspirational leader that I look up to, none of these popped into my head but Kent McKown, my father,†¦show more content†¦There have been times that my father would have to change literally everything to make something work but he did it because he knew what it took to be successful. Third, my father has passion and a lot of it. Through every thing he does, you can see passion. Kent has three sons, Jake, Lucas and Wilton, and we all played sports throughout our childhood and his passion for the games really rubbed off on all of us. His passion for us to be successful in sports was the drive to our passion. My older brother, Wilton, plays Lacrosse at Mercer University and I run Track Field at USC Upstate and I believe that his passion was the drive to our passion which, in turn, got us both to were we are. Not only does he have passion for sports but also spiritually, for his marriage, for his work and for helping other to success are some other things he has a strong passion for. Lastly, my father has the ability to inspire through his previous skill, his passion. His passion for the things he does shows tremendously, through the way he does these things. My father always taught us to finish what we start. If my father were to ever start something he would never do it half way or half effort. He always does the things h e does to the full extent and to the highest quality. Just this alone can inspire and individual to be like that or even better. There are many great leaders that lead today, such as Obama, Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos.Show MoreRelatedLeadership Is The Greatest Tool Society1420 Words   |  6 PagesPerhaps of all the great gifts that the study of history offers to the world, the power to look through the past to identify humanity’s greatest achievements and shortcomings are the most useful. Looking through primary and secondary documents to determine why and how society reached certain points is integral to figuring out what is to come. From humanitarians to scientists, history is the greatest tool society possesses. It supports humanity’s ambition to solve the problems of today and prepare to combatRead MoreAn Active Listener Is A Key Tool For Management And Upcoming Leaders855 Words   |  4 Pageskey tool for management and upcoming leaders. In the book are sample s cript on what to say and how to say it. Conversation can make or break the teams moral or catapult your team to next level. It is so easy to focus on the past and the results of the past. The hardness job is changing the conversation from the past to spend majority of your conversion about the present and the future. Past results are the rubrics used to make decisions; the present and future has no manifested measurable resultsRead MoreThe Greatest Era Of American History985 Words   |  4 PagesIf I had the fortuity to adventure to any place or time of my choosing, I would undoubtedly select, what I believe to be, the greatest era of American history. This was a time when every man’s fingerprint set a precedent for the future of American government. The age where citizens gallantly fought for revolution from their oppressors, nobly laying down their lives for freedom for their descendants. A generation that turned a moment into a movement by discovering their voices and utilizing them toRead MoreDefinition Of Leadership For Me917 Words   |  4 Pagesas simple as the actions of a person that has the position, either implied or assigned, of influence over other people. A person can be a good leader or a poor leader depending on those actions. I have experienced both types of leaders in my career and have been able to glean characteristics from both to shape my leadership skills. I believe that a leader will have traits that are positive and negative. Chief Richardson, my Chief in 1995, taught me that decisions made by people are their decisionsRead MoreLeadership Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesa successful leader is not by focusing on making other people follow you, but by becoming a person that they desire to follow. â€Å"A leader is great not because of his or her power, but because of his or her ability to empower others.† (Maxwell-21) Throughout this semester I have studied a various array of leaders and applied numerous leadership methodologies. When we started the class I began by discussing the leadership ability of my father and how I follow him based on the leader that he is inRead MoreThe Rapidly Evolving Role of the Information Technology Director1094 Words   |  4 Pagesmore so in the future. Information Technology Directors Highest Priority: Managing IT As A Strategic Asset The role of the Information Technology Director as traditionally been to concentrate on the enterprise systems within an organization, ensuring they are up to date with patches and software updates, while also working to make sure they are stable, reliable and secure (Tonn, 1990). In many respects the Information Technology Director had a relatively simple role in the past compared to todayRead MoreLadies and gentlemen, today is my honor to present you a man, who contributed to the shape of our800 Words   |  4 PagesLadies and gentlemen, today is my honor to present you a man, who contributed to the shape of our nation. A man who had a rough infancy, through struggle, fought for the civil rights at the time of oppression cause by the segregation, inequalities and injustice, a man who never gave up for freedom. A man through his dedication, perseverance was able to make a difference in the African American community. Today he is recognized worldwide, and celebrated in the black history month. This man isRead MoreA Case Of A Struggling Company Without Enough Cash1709 Words   |  7 PagesHuman beings have been concerned with the ethics of our leaders in different organizational settings. This is commonly seen in the history books were good and bad kings, great empires and evil empires, strong and weak presidents are witnessed. Notably, similar issues do occur in businesses where good records of great and weak and their morals. However, this paper will examine a case study on a â€Å"Struggling Company without Enough Cash†. It will also respond to the questions by focusing about rightRead MorePast, Present, Future1394 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This past, present and future paper will reflect on my personal and professional growth during the time frame that I was a student at the University of Phoenix. One of the themes that are explored in this paper is that education is a lifetime pursuit. Another theme is what I am taking away from the institution now that I have completed my course of study. Finally the paper sets future career and personal goals to continue my lifetime of learning. Past Present and Future Past I haveRead MoreThe Munich Agreement And The Anglo German Declaration1035 Words   |  5 Pageswas threatening to unleash war upon Europe if he did not get the Sudetenland. With Hitler’s tyrannical pleas, the leaders of Britain, France, and Italy agreed to the annexation of a large portion of Czechoslovakia out of fear of war (Munich Agreement). It is important to note that Italy was an ally of Germany. Benito Mussolini, Italy’s leader at the time, was one of Hitler’s greatest inspirations during his rise to power. Germany, Italy, Britain, and France all came together in Munich, Germany to

Fahrenheit 451 and Brave New World Essay Example For Students

Fahrenheit 451 and Brave New World Essay Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 are two books, both of which are supposed to be set in the future, which have numerous theme similarities throughout them. Of all their common factors, the ones that stand out most would have to be first, the outlawed reading of books; second, the preservation of health and youth at almost any cost and the keeping of people happy and stress-free; and third, the theme of the protagonist as being a loner or an outcast from society because of his differences in beliefs as opposed to the norm. Well look first at the concept of outlawed reading. To us this sounds very strange. In the societies of both of these books, however, it is a common and almost completely unquestioned law. In Brave New World reading is something that all classes are conditioned against from birth. In the very beginning of the novel we see a group of infants who are given bright, attractive books but are exposed to an explosion and a shrieking siren when they reach out for them. This thus prevents them from wanting the books and causes them to scream and shrink away in horror at the mere sight of the books. In reference to the accomplishment of this conditioning, the director said, Books and loud noisesalready in the infant mind these couples are compromisingly linked; and after two hundred repetitions of the same or a similar lesson would be wedded indissolubly. What man has jointed, nature is powerless to put asunder, (Huxley 21-22). We come to learn that the basic reasoning behind this conditioning against reading in Brave New World was because you couldnt have lower-caste people wasting the Communitys time over books, and there was always the risk of their reading something which might undesirably decondition one of their reflexes (Huxley 22). In Fahrenheit 451 the outlawing of book reading is taken to an even greater extent. In this novel the whole purpose of a firefighter isnt to put out fires, rather it is to start fires. The reading of books in their society is completely forbidden and if someone is suspected of even owning a book, the firefighters are dispatched to go to that persons residence and start a fire. They start fires for the sole purpose of destroying books, as illustrated here, They pumped the cold fluid from the numeraled 451 tanks strapped to their shoulders. They coated each book, they pumped rooms full of itthe whole house is going up (Bradbury 38). Another common factor of the two novels is the extent to which each society works to preserve its people as both young and healthy and content. In Brave New World the people have soma, the feelies, they are never alone, theyre conditioned to like their job, and life for them is just made easy. Soma is what the people in Brave New World use to go on holiday. It is like the perfect drug with no side effects. It simply puts its users in a state of euphoria. According to Mustapha Mond himself, soma is to calm your anger, to reconcile you to your enemies, to make you patient and long-sufferinganybody can be virtuous now (Huxley 238). The feelies are yet another concept of the Brave New World designed simply for the comfort and enjoyment of the people. The people experience the movies in not only the visual sense, but they also feel and smell what is going on, almost as if it really is. The structure of their whole lifestyle is made in such a way so that the people are never alone. Mond ev en says,But people never are alonewe make them hate solitude; and we arrange their lives so its almost impossible for them to ever have it (Huxley 235). The different castes are also conditioned to like their jobs. This maintains stability because everyone does their job without complaint and remains happy. According to Mond, they like their workIts light, its childishly simple. No strain on the mind or the muscles. Seven and a half hours of mild, unexhausting labour, and the the soma ration and games and unrestricted copulation and the feelies. What more can they ask for? (Huxley224). .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .postImageUrl , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:hover , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:visited , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:active { border:0!important; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:active , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interest Rates EssayAs far as life being made easy for them goes, Mond says, There isnt any need for a civilzed man to bear anything thats seriously unpleasant (Huxley 236). Similarly, in Fahrenheit 451, the people have television walls. We learn about their purpose, importance,and value from the character Mildred. In regards to the walls, Mildred tells Guy, Its really fun. Itll be even more fun when we can afford to have the fourth wall installeditd be just like this room wasnt ours at all, but all kinds of exotic peoples rooms (Bradbury 20-21). As far as youth or health preservation goes, in the very beginning of Fahrenheit 451 we see an example of this. Guy comes home t o find Mildred in bed, overdosed on pills. He called the emergency hospital and they came. They had this machine. They had two machines, really. One of them slid down into your stomach like a black cobra down an echoing well looking for all the old water and the old time gathered there. It drank up the green matter that flowed to the top in a slow boilthe bloodstream in this woman was new and it seemed to have done a new thing to her. Her cheeks were very pink and her lips were very fresh and full of color and they looked soft and relaxed (Bradbury 14, 16). The final and one of the most evident of the similarities in these two books would have to be the fact that the main character in both books was basically an outcast or a loner from society. In Brave New World this is , at different times, a different character. First we meet Bernard Marx as our outcast. He thinks just a little more than the average man in his society. He and his friend Helmholtz Watson are two men who stand apart because they actually think rather than drone around like the rest of the people. Bernard is also much smaller than most other alphas and has a hard time both getting women and getting lower castes to do what he says. When speaking of Bernard, one of the women says, They say somebody made a mistake when he was still in the bottle- thought he was a Gamma and put alcohol in his blood-surrogate. Thats why hes so stunted (Huxley 46). It isnt until Bernard gains guardianship over John that he is anything but an outcast. For the first time in his life he can get any woman he wants and he even believes he has power. However, after things fall apart and the savage is no longer under his control, Bernard goes back to being an outcast and is even eventually sent off to an island by himself. The second person viewed as an outcast in Brave New World would be John the savage. He never fits in while he lives on the reservation because of who his mother is and what shed done to the reservation. He is constantly secluded from activities and looked down upon, as we see here, He went with the otherssuddenly one of the men stepped forward, caught him by the arm, and pulled him out of the ranksNot for you, white-hair! (Huxley 136). Though he too has his period of acceptance when he comes to the Brave New World, he ultimately returns to his solitary ways. In the end, despite Monds wishes to continue with the research, John ran away and moved into an abandoned light tower to live as a recluse. Similarly, in Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag is pretty much a lone r himself. Though he is a firefighter, he secretly steals more and more books and the more he reads, the less he believes in burning them. He cannot tell anyone of this, even his wife, because they will surely turn him in. Eventually, though, Guys secret is discovered and the rest of the story consists of the chase after him by the police as well as the electronic hound. He makes his get away alone and though he meets others along the way, he travels alone. The other loner in this book is Clarisse. Clarisse new she was an outcast and even said, Im afraid of children my own age. They kill each otherIm responsible. I was spanked when I needed it, years ago. And I do the shopping and house cleaning by hand (Huxley 30). .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .postImageUrl , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:hover , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:visited , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:active { border:0!important; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:active , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cocoa Commodity EssayOutlawed reading, contentment, youthfulness and health of the people, and society outcast- these three themes are, to me, the most evident in the two books. I find it incredibly fascinating that two different authors can both write books on the future and have them similar in so many ways. If you look past their similarities though, both of these books were very well written and really leave you wondering just what the future will hold. Works CitedBrave New World. Huxley, Aldous. Perennial Classics. New York, 1989. Fahrenheit 451The Temperature At Which Books Burn. Bradbury, Ray. Ballantine Books. New York, 1979.

Introduction to Arts Essay Example

Introduction to Arts Essay Definition of Terms A. Art According to various authors 1. J. V Estolas Art is derived from the Latin word â€Å"ars†Ã‚  Ã‚  which means ability or skill 2. A. Tan Art is taken from the Italian word â€Å"artis†, which means craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form and ideas, between materials and techniques. 3. F. Zulueta Art  is a product of mans needs to express himself. 4. C. Sanchez Art is concerned itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium, color, sound, bonze, marble, words and film. 5. Plato Art is that which brings life in  harmony with the beauty of the beauty of the world   6. John Dewey 7. Panizio and Rustia – B. Appreciation C. Art Appreciation Art Appreciation simply means being able to look at works and form your own opinions. Naturally, those arty terms will be explained along the way. D. Humanities The  humanities  are  academic disciplines  that study the  human condition, using methods that are primarily  analytical,[citation needed]  critical, or  speculative, as distinguished from the mainly  empirical  approaches of the  natural sciences. E. Subject Four Common Essential of Arts Common essentials of arts are  line, shape, texture, light, value, color, and space. The Subject of Arts Ways of Representing the Subject 1- REALISM – the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Realists try to be as objective as possible. 2- ABSTRACTION – the attempt of the artist to show only his idea or his feeling; not as objective as the realist. 3- SYMBOLISM – the use of a visible sign of an idea to convey to the viewers, readers or audiences the message of his work. 4- FAUVISM – the artist use of bright colors which shows pictures of comfort, joy and pleasure. This is the method used by Henry Matisse, Raoul Drify and George Ronault. 5- We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer DADAISM – is a protest movement in the art that is playful and experimental. â€Å"Dada† means a â€Å"hobby horse†. Dadaism is most often nonsensical. Marcel Duchamp is the famous painter using this method. 6- FUTURISM – developed in Italy about the same time as cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the mechanical energy of modern life. 7- SURREALISM – this method mirrors the evils of the present society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of the mind. IMPRESSIONISM – this method presented the artist’s impression on the art subject, not as detailed as a realist painting. 9- EXPRESSIONISM – are art works describing pathos, morbidity chaos or even defeat. Introduced in Germany from 1900 – 1910. Kinds of Subject 1. Realism Realism  in the  visual arts  and  literature  is the general atte mpt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective, without embellishment or interpretation and in accordance with secular,  empirical  rules.   As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such  reality  is  ontologically independent of mans conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs, and thus can be known (or knowable) to the artist, who can in turn represent this reality faithfully. As  Ian Watt  states, modern realism begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses and as such it has its origins in Descartes  and  Locke, and received its first full formulation by  Thomas Reid  in the middle of the eighteenth century. The attempt to portray the subject as it is. Realists try to be as objective as possible. 2. Abstraction – Abstraction is the attempt of the artist to show only his idea or his feeling; not as objective as the realist. 3. Distortion 4. Surrealism – This method mirrors the evils of the present society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of the mind. Subject and Content The Four Main Functions of Arts Aesthetic through art, man  becomes conscious of the  beauty of nature. He benefits from  his own work and from those done by his fellowmen. He learns to use, love, and preserve them for his enjoyment and appreciation. Utilitarian -with the creation of the various forms of art, man now lives in comfort and happiness. Through art,  man is provided with shelter, clothing, food, light, medicine, beautiful surroundings, personal ornamentals, entertainment,  language, transportation, and other necessities and conveniences of life. Art not only enriches man’s life but also improves nature through landscape gardening, creation of super-highways and through propagation of natural  resources. Cultural through the printed matter, art transmits and preserves skills and knowledge from one generation to another. It burdens one’s cultural background and makes man more civilized and his life more enduring and satisfying. Social Art has social functions when it addresses aspects of life, as opposed to one persons point of view or experience Other Functions Personal The personal functions of art vary from  person to person. Physical Works of art that are created to perform some service have physical functions. The Scope of Art According to: Monopolies Custodia Sanchez Josefina Estolas Panizio and Rustia The Origin of Art The very concept of the ‘birth’ or ‘origin’ of art may seem inappropriate, since humans are by nature artists and the history of art begins with that of humanity. In their artistic impulses and achievements humans express their vitality, their ability to establish a beneficial and positive relationship with their environment, to humanize nature; their behavior as artists is one of the characteristics for selection favorable to the evolution of the human species. Evidence from a huge analysis of rock art and cave paintings and engravings shows that, from their origins, humans have also been  Homo aestheticus.

Christian Rock essays

Christian Rock essays Christian and rock are two words that usually do not accompany each other, my only question is why not? Can Christian music rock? A lot of people steer clear of todays contempary Christian hits because they hear the word Christian and decide that they do not want to drive around listening to the church hymns that their grandparents sing, however, that is not what todays Christian music is all about. In fact a lot of people are guilty of being Christian music fans without even realizing it. Recently gospel music has been breaking into the main stream, and big time Christian hits are being played on anything from the secular radio station to MTV. Bands like Switchfoot, Jars of Clay, Relient K, and Audio A are just a few examples of Christians that rock, their bands have chart topping hits and they, along with many other Christians that rock, will be playing in the Ichthus music festival this year. Along with Ichthus Christians also have their own version of the about everything from th e dance club, to a rave where they play all the most recent Christian music hits. Gospel music's mainstream conversion is a movement in progress. Momentum, however, is definitely building(Mitchell1) no one can deny that recently a lot of Christian music has been going mainstream. I have turned on the radio to secular stations numerous times and heard some of my favorite Christian bands. An example of the recent play would be switchfoot with their song called Meant to Live(Mitchell 1) the song has been topping the secular charts and is actually at the moment included in the top 100 videos at launch.yahoo.com and was in last Decembers top 10 modern rock chart. A lot of people do not realize that switchfoot is a Christian band, but indeed they are, and with the presentation of the facts in the above paragraph, it would be hard to deny that they rock. However switchfoot is just one example of a Christian band that is toppi...

Noble Gases Properties

Noble Gases Properties The right column of the periodic table contains seven elements known as the inert or noble gases. Learn about the properties of the noble gas group of elements. Key Takeaways: Noble Gas Properties The noble gases are group 18 on the periodic table, which is the column of elements on the right side of the table.There are seven noble gas elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and oganesson.Noble gases are the least reactive chemical elements. They are nearly inert because the atoms have a full valence electron shell, with little tendency to accept or donate electrons to form chemical bonds. Location and List  of the Noble Gases  on the Periodic Table The noble gases, also known as the inert gases or rare gases, are located in Group VIII or International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) group 18 of the periodic table. This is the column of elements along the far right side of the periodic table.  This group is a subset of the nonmetals.  Collectively, the elements are also called the helium group or the neon group. The noble gases are: Helium (He)Neon  (Ne)Argon (Ar)Krypton (Kr)Xenon (Xe)Radon (Rn)Oganesson (Og) With the exception of oganesson, all of these elements are gases at ordinary temperature and pressure. There havent been enough atoms produced of oganesson to know its phase for certain, but most scientists predict it will be a liquid or solid. Both radon and oganesson consist only of radioactive isotopes. Noble Gas Properties The noble gases are relatively nonreactive. In fact, they are the least reactive elements on the periodic table.  This is because they have a complete valence shell. They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. In 1898, Hugo Erdmann coined the phrase noble gas to reflect the low reactivity of these elements, in much the same way as the noble metals are less reactive than other metals.  The noble gases have high ionization energies and negligible electronegativities. The noble gases have low boiling points and are all gases at room temperature. Summary of Common Properties Fairly nonreactiveComplete outer electron or valence shell (oxidation number 0)High ionization energiesVery low electronegativitiesLow boiling points (all monatomic  gases at room temperature)No color, odor, or flavor under ordinary conditions (but may form colored liquids and solids)NonflammableAt low pressure, they will conduct electricity and fluoresce Uses of the Noble Gases The noble gases are used to form inert atmospheres, typically for arc welding, to protect specimens, and to deter chemical reactions. The elements are used in lamps, such as neon lights and krypton headlamps, and in lasers. Helium is used in balloons, for deep-sea diving air tanks,  and to cool superconducting magnets. Misconceptions About the Noble Gases Although the noble gases have been called the rare gases, they arent particularly uncommon on Earth or in the universe. In fact, argon is the 3rd or 4th most abundant gas in the atmosphere  (1.3 percent by mass or 0.94 percent by volume), while neon, krypton, helium, and xenon are notable trace elements.​ For a long time, many people believed the noble gases to be completely nonreactive and unable to form chemical compounds. Although these elements dont form compounds readily, examples of molecules containing xenon, krypton, and radon have been found. At high pressure, even helium, neon, and argon participate in chemical reactions. Sources of the Noble Gases Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon all are found in air and are obtained by liquefying it and performing fractional distillation. The major source of helium is from the  cryogenic separation of natural gas. Radon, a radioactive noble gas, is produced from the  radioactive decay of heavier elements, including radium, thorium, and uranium. Element 118 is a man-made radioactive element, produced by striking a target with accelerated particles. In the future, extraterrestrial sources of noble gases may be found. Helium, in particular, is more abundant on larger planets than it is on Earth. Sources Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Lehmann, J (2002). The Chemistry of Krypton. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 233–234: 1–39. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2002). Noble Gas Geochemistry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80366-7.Partington, J. R. (1957). Discovery of Radon. Nature. 179 (4566): 912. doi:10.1038/179912a0Renouf, Edward (1901). Noble gases. Science. 13 (320): 268–270.

Apology by Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apology by Plato - Essay Example However, their works are written during the years witnesses of this trial were still alive, so it is likely Plato was trying to give a fairly accurate picture of what had happen during the trial. Historians are still puzzled by the reasons Socrates was executed. Athens, the city philosopher lived at the time, enjoyed many liberties, the freedom of speech and democracy, and was favoring wise man and philosophers. Socrates was often outspoken of his critiques on the society and governance of that time. He was often found speaking in the market squares and workshops, where he would discuss moral issues and views that were in odds with his set of values – thus was putting himself in odds with other people. He developed his own set of views which he was following regardless of the circumstances. He dared to refuse follow the orders of bringing a man to a trial, however, he did nothing to change the order – he simply went home. Some of his teachings appeared antidemocratic, e .g. he was speaking against a right of any free citizen to speak in Athenian assembly. He was a famous educator of the young people, however he was doing it free of charge, and he was very poor himself. Being so outspoken, finally he was officially charged with "refusing to do reverence to the gods recognized by the â€Å", and also of corrupting youth. However, the real reasons, most likely, were political – he was very vocal with his critics. In modern times, Socrates’ death has generally been seen in two ways: as the conflict of the individual with the state and as the downfall of rational, talkative man. (Wilson, 2007, p.192) The whole trial and conviction is a sample of ethnocentrism. Society at large, or, better yet, the influential people of Athens, had certain views they were comfortable with and, therefore, considered them being right one. Socrates’ views came into opposition with this mainstream opinion. He was stigmatized, and then punished for being so different. His death had to give Athenians sense of being right, and him – being a criminal and the one, worth of punishment. So his views, measured against the mainstream society’s opinions did not stand the ground. And, as it is often done, those who speak differently are often reprimanded, persecuted and punished. It is not the same as in the case with someone being a real criminal. Even though there is no clear evidence of either Socrates’ guilt or innocence, according to him, he did not do anything that would merit such severe punishment as death. To the contrary, he was trying to serve his fellow citizens to his own hurt. He did not have any gain from his services; to the contrary, he was very poor, which was documented by several historians. He often neglected his family to be of the service to his students. So the outcome of his trial is a clear and extreme example of ethnocentrism. â€Å"Silencing dissent in times of conflict results from equating criticism of society with disloyalty†, as Joel M. Charon put wisely in â€Å"Ten Questions†. This is exactly what was happening. Socrates’ prosecutors had to have justification for their action – they wanted to rid themselves of the man they could not stand any longer. So they had to fabricate accusations – which Socrates answered in the â€Å"Apology†, and refuted as being false and inconsistent. However, it seems that Socrates himself took this trial as a

Primark Strategic Analyses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Primark Strategic Analyses - Assignment Example Primark was first established in 1969 in Ireland as Penneys, and is currently operating a total of 154 stores in the UK, Spain and Ireland. Primark has become a leading player in the UK fashion industry, showing huge growth while other players were finding it hard to maintain their income stream, with some even closing the doors of some unprofitable stores. The latest company results showed a increase of 30% in annual profits, with sales 17% up reaching the 1 billion. With great successes with some of its fashions such as its rage of military jackets, with more than 250 thousand sales up to date. With the UK fashion market becoming stagnant and consumers having less money to spend due to increasing interest rates, high house prizes and rising utility cost. Primark is offering high fashion and low prices to bargain hunting consumers. Yet Primark does not only provide consumers with low cost fashion, it has developed the ability to quickly turning out designs inspired by the catwalk and red carpet. Giving its consumers access to generic fashions developed from high label brands. This strategy seem This strategy seems to not only be paying of in the UK, but also in Spain and Ireland. Primark opened its second shop in Spain on the 20th of September, and planning to open an additional 15 stores by the March 2007, expanding its business internationally. Currently they are employing over 18,400 people, which will increase to over 24000 by end of 2007. Analyses and Evaluation In order to analyse and evaluate Primark's position within the fashion market, we need to look at internal and external factors influencing its operations. Maybe the most basic, but effective tool that can be used is the SWOT analyses. This will give us a very good indication of Primark's current success as a fashion retailer. The strength and weakness part of the model look at the internal factors of an organization, and the opportunities and threats analyse the external factors that effects the companies ability to function successfully within a market. Internal Factors Strengths From the Primark website it is possible to derive some of its strengths such as: Full range of high quality, low priced fashion merchandise Generic fashion products reflecting high fashion world trends Established customer base Localised recruiting practices within international organisation Computerised Custom Clearance System Dedicated warehouse and distribution service From the above derived from Primarks website it is possible to see why this organization have the ability to undercut its competitors in the UK fashion industry. By manufacturing their merchandise in countries such as China and India with low labour costs, and then importing the goods via a very effective custom clearance system, and distributing it via a very efficient distribution system, gives them the ability to price their competitors out of the market. With a six week period from design to shop, they have the ability

School education Essay Example for Free

School education Essay I. Problem/Needs a. San Nicolas Elementary School (s. y. 2013-2014) has 765 enrollees, 43 teachers, non-teaching, staffs, personnel, including its maintenance. Previous school years, survey through interview shows that the school has no canteen. What they did was a classroom canteen wherein teachers allow outside vendors to sell foods, snacks in each classroom during break time. This practice made wrong impact and its advantages to the entire school campus. Instead of 30 minutes break time, survey shows they have 45 minutes and lessons are affected. b. Outside vendors are not known by the pupils and teachers. They just offer their cooked foods to students without knowing or not sure with the safetiness of what they are going to take in. They don’t know how and who made the foods. Other parents also go inside the school to give snacks to eat to their children during recess time which make break time longer. School staffs observed this situation and they made a decision to really have canteen as soon as possible. c. During the first meeting of the school year 2013-2014, the PTA meeting tackled the topic about school canteen, they should have it. As a situation to the need of the school, the principal set another meeting to meet interested parents who wants to manage the canteen. As a result, school pupils, teachers and other personnel now have their break time properly. Manager of the canteen improved the school canteen, and prepared it for the new canteen. Now, San Nicolas Elementary School is nearly for safer, healthier and more convenient canteen for everyone. II. Statement of Vision, Mission and Values Vision: The school will provide a good source of foods for the pupils, teachers and parents of the school. Healthy foods, price of foods will surely be right for everyone. Mission: The school will have a canteen on its own, managed by the school itself or any representatives from the PTA member. Foods will surely be healthy and nutritious. Kind of foods to sold will be strictly monitored to sure the safetiness of all the entire school. Values: Having a school canteen will promote orderly and organized school especially on break time. Everyone in school should support its canteen that could help in the progress and improvement of the entire school. III. Marketing plan a. Research and Analysis: It is more than two years when San Nicolas Elementary School has no canteen. Former managements of school canteen believed that their services and foods offer are not satisfying. It was observed by our interviews that students and teachers would more like to go out or buy outside their snacks during break time. In addition to that, price of the previous canteen are not affordable by the students. PTA meeting was conducted and during the said meeting, the principal announced that all parents who are interested to manage the school canteen this school year 2013-2014 is free to pass bid form containing rental which is the highest offer as a rental of the school will have the opportunity to handle the canteen. The form also contains the expected menus, foods offered and its prices. The monthly rental of the school canteen will be an income of the school which will be used for school improvements at the end of the school year. This move of the school as a solution of the problem believes that it will turn to an advantage of the entire school. Students and teachers will be comfortable to spend their break time inside the canteen, safetiness and healthy foods will be as sure. Accidents will be impossible because students will no longer go out to nearby stores to buy foods and also monthly income of the school will be at stake. b. Marketing Strategies: Students will be the first customer of the canteen, so offers will be for students at most. Foods will be based on the taste of the consumers so as by the teachers also. Foods will be simple snacks so that prices will also be affordable and reasonable especially for ordinary students. Prices will be strictly monitored. Special promos or simple promo will also be given. Simple promo like free juice or offering discounted prices on sets of snack items. Like: 1 special miki regular price is Php 15. 00 with boiled egg on toppings plus 1 refresh juice is at Php 6. 00= student will pay only Php 20. 00| Foods or snacks will be changeable, based on what is saleable to consumers. IV. Production Plan Quantity| Unit| Supplies| 533050102550301010| KilosKilosPcs. SticksBoxesPcs. Pcs. SticksBagsBags| PancitMikiBoiled eggBarbecueAsstd. Fruit drinksSandwichesShanghaiBanana cueAsstd. BiscuitsAsstd. cupcakes|

Africa Essay -- essays research papers

Africa’s Resistance to the Portuguese The African history has been affected tremendously due to the influence of some European countries. Portugal, who probably had the greatest impact on the continent, was not shy in invading what they thought to be profitable circumstances. One of these areas that they profited from was the kingdom of Kongo. Kongo was a major Bantu-speaking kingdom astride the Congo River in west-central Africa, probably founded in the 14th century. It was governed by a king, the manikongo, whose economic power was based upon trade in ivory, hides, slaves, and a shell currency of western Africa. Within a few years after the Portuguese first encountered the kingdom in 1484, the sixth manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba, later Alfonso 1, converted to Christianity and extended di...

Fundemental Rights of India Essay

The Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will live their lifes in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. They include individual rigts common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freddom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil right. Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights, however, the Forty-Fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that â€Å"No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.† Following are the Fudamental Rights in India Right to Equality | * Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of law * Article 15 :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. * Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment * Article 17 :- End of untouchability * Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted| Right to Freedom | * Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:- 1. Freedom of Speech and Expression 2. Freedom of Assembly 3. Freedom of form Associations 4. Freedom of Movement 5. Freedom of Residence and Settlement 6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness * Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences * Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty * Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases | Right Against Exploitation | * Article 23 :- Traffic in human beings prohibited * Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed | Right to freedom of Religion | * Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion * Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs * Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds * Article 28 :- Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions | Cultural and Educational Rights | * Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities * Article 30 :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions * Article 31 :- Omitted by the  44th Amendment Act | Right to Constitutional Remedies | * Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar) * Forms of Writ check * Habeas Corpus :- Equality before law and equal protection of law | Fundamental Right 1. Part-III, containing articles from 12 to 35 deal with Fundamental Rights. 2. The Fundamental Rights can be enforceable by a court against the State. 3. These are primarily aim at assuring political freedom to the citizens by protecting them against the excessive State action. 4. The Fundamental Rights are given a pride of place by the Constitution makers. 5. The chapter of Fundamental Rights is sacrosanct and not liable to be abridged by legislative or executive act or orders, except to the extent provided in appropriate Article in Part III. 6. Grover Justice Supreme Court said: â€Å"where as the fundamental rights lay down the means by which that goal was to be achieved.† 7. Fundamental rights occupy a unique place in the lives of civilized society and have been variously described in judgment of the Supreme Court as â€Å"transcendental†, â€Å"inalienable† and â€Å"personal†. 8. There are negative in character. The State is asked not to do certain things for the people. Directive Principles of State Policy 1. Part –IV, containing Articles from 36 to 50, deal with Directive Principle of State Policy. 2. The Directive Principles of State Policy can not be enforceable by any Court. 3. These are aimed at securing welfare, social and economic freedoms by appropriate State action. 4. The Directive Principles are given a place of permanence by the Constitution makers. 5. The Directive Principles of State policies have to confirm and to run as subsidiary to the Chapter of Fundamental Rights. 6. Grover Justice Supreme Court said: â€Å"Directive Principles prescribe the goal to be attained.† 7. The Supreme Court described the Directive Principles of State policy as â€Å"Conscience of our Constitution†. 8. These are positive in character. The State is directed to take certain positive steps for the welfare and advancement of the people. Directive Principles Of State Policy The Constitution lays down certain Directive Principles of State Policy which  though not justiceable, are ‘fundamental in governance of the country’ and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. These lay down that the State shall strive to promote welfare of people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice – social, economic and political, shall inform all institutions of national life. The State shall direct its policy in such a manner as to secure the right of all men and women to an adequate means of livelihood, equal pay for equal work and within limits of its economic capacity and development, to make effective provision for securing the right to work, education and to public assistance in the event of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement or other cases of undeserved want. The State shall also endeavour to secure to workers a living wage, humane conditions of work, a decent standard of life and full involvement of workers in management of industries. In the economic sphere, the State is to direct its policy in such a manner as to secure distribution of ownership and control of material resources of community to subserve the common good and to ensure that operation of economic system does not result in concentration of wealth and means of production of common detriment. (1) Equitable distribution of wealth or the socialist pattern of society and equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (2) Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all its citizens, men and women. (3) Provision of employment to all. (4) Free and compulsory education for children. (5) Living wage for workers. (6) Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. (7) Organization of village panchayats as units of self-government (Article 40). (8) Prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs injurious to health. (9) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines. (10) Promotion of international peace and security and maintenance of just and honourable relations between the nations of the world. THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE Policy in the Constitution of India have been inspired by the Constitution of Ireland. It contains ideals of a Welfare State. The Directive Principles are  contained in Part-IV of the Constitution. RIGHT TO WORK IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Article 41 in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) in the Constitution of India reads, â€Å"The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want.† The custodian of Fundamental Rights is the Supreme Court of India. The differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are: Fundamental Rights * Fundamental Rights are justiciable * Indian Constitution mentions some of the most important rights of the citizens called fundamental rights. * These rights are necessary if citizens are to act properly and live democratically. * These rights are fundamental in legal sense. If Government passes any law which restricts them, then those laws would be invalid. * The Constitution guarantees us six fundamental rights. * Fundamental rights concern the individual. Directive Principals * Directive Principles of State policy are not justiciable. The provision of Directive Principles thus can not be enforced in court of law. * These are actually directions given by the Constitution of the State to adopt policies which would help to establish a just society in our country. * The aim of these instructions is to create proper economic and social conditions in which citizens of our country can lead a good life. * Directive principles concern State.

Market Analysis

Market Analysis Bubble tea is specialist drink increasingly being offered in cafes, coffees shops and bars. It originates from Asia and is made up  of hot or cold tea, milk,  sugar and giant black  tapioca balls. Ice is then added and the drink shaken to create the bubble effect. Bubbletea is often referred to as pearl shake, tapioca ball drink; boba ice tea and bubble drink  among other things. Owing to their influences, bubble tea  cafes are often Asian-themed in decor and may alsosell Asian snacks and food.They are often situated in fashionable areas of cities,  populated by urban professionals with high disposable incomes and an interest inalternative eating and drinking venues. Bubble tea is a tea beverage that originated in Taiwan in the 1980s. The term â€Å"bubble†refers to the tapioca balls in the drink. These chewy tapioca balls, or â€Å"pearls,†Ã‚  areconsumed along with the beverage through a wide straw. Bubble tea is especially popular  in ma ny East Asian and Southeast Asian regions such as Taiwan, Brunei, China(including Hong Kong and Macau), Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea,Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and  Australia.Bubble tea is a mixture of iced or hot sweetened tea, milk, and often other flavorings. Thedistinctive characteristics of bubble tea are the black gummy balls made of tapioca (or,more commonly in East Asia, yam starch), called â€Å"pearls† or â€Å"boba† or balls that sit at the  bottom of the cup. The pearls are larger than those found in tapioca pudding, with adiameter of at least 6 millimeters, but smaller ones are occasionally used. They aregenerally translucent brown with a darker brown center, although pearls of other colors or  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœjelly cubes' have also recently become available.The original bubble tea consisted of a hot Taiwanese black tea, tapioca pearls, condensedmilk, and honey. As this drink became more popular, variations were created. Initiallyiced v ersions with a hint of peach or plum flavoring began to appear, and then more fruitflavors were added until, in some  variations, the tea was removed entirely in favor of  realfruits. Today you can find shops entirely devoted  to bubble tea, similar to bubble teacafes of the early 1990s. They usually contain colored pearls that are chosen  to matchwhatever fruit juice is used, in addition to  brightly colored oversize straws for sucking upthe pearls.Bubble tea is generally split into two types: fruit-flavored teas, and milk teas. Milk teasmay use dairy or non-dairy creamers. The mixtures that make up  bubble tea vary. Several examples of flavors are strawberry,  passion fruit, mango, chocolate, and coconut, and may be added in the form of powder,fruit juice, pulp, or syrup to hot black or green tea, which is shaken in a cocktail shaker or  mixed in a blender  with ice until chilled. The mixture is usually combined with milk  andcooked tapioca pearls.Bubble tea ba rs often serve bubble tea using a machine to seal the top of the cup with  plastic cellophane. This allows the tea to be shaken in the serving cup. The cellophane isthen pierced with a straw. Other  cafes use plastic dome-shaped lids. Even fruit slushiesand smoothies can have boba added to the drinks. These tapioca pearls are made mostly of tapioca starch, which comes from the tapioca, or  Ã‚  bitter-cassava plant. In other parts of the world, the  bitter-cassava plant may be calledmanioca or yuca. Cassava is native to South America, and was introduced to Asia in the1800s.The balls are prepared  by boiling for 25 minutes, until they are cooked thoroughly  but have not lost pliancy, and then cooled for 25 minutes. After cooking they last about 7hours. The pearls have  little taste, and are usually soaked in sugar or honey solutions. There are two shops that claim to be the first creator of Bubble Tea. One is Liu Han Chiewho worked in Chun Shui Tang teahouse Taichung Cit y, Taiwan in the early 1980s, andexperimented with cold milk tea by  adding fruit, syrup, candied yams, and tapioca  balls. Although the drink was not popular at first, a Japanese television show generated  interestamong businessmen.The drink became well-known in most parts of East and SoutheastAsia during the 1990s. An alternative origin is the Hanlin Teahouse  in Tainan City, Taiwan, owned by Tu  TsongHe Hanlin Bubble tea is made by adding traditional white fenyuan which have anappearance of pearls, supposedly resulting in the  so-called â€Å"pearl tea. † Shortly after,Hanlin changed the white fenyuan to the black, as it is today. In the late 1990s, bubble tea began to gain popularity in the major North American citieswith large Asian populations, especially those on the  West Coast and East Coast and inTexas.The trend in the  United States started by Lollicup in the city of San  Gabriel,California and quickly spread throughout Southern California. The be verage has receivedmuch attention from mainstream American media, including  covers on National PublicRadio show Morning Edition and  the Los Angeles Times. Bubble tea  has spreadinternationally through Chinatowns and other overseas Asian communities. In the U. S. , major chains such as Boba Bee in Chicago are expanding into suburbanareas, particularly those with large Asian populations. Bubble tea  can also be found inmajor European cities such as London  and Paris.Bubble tea is also gaining  in popularityin Canada, particularly in and around  the cities of Vancouver, British Columbia; Toronto,Ontario; and Montreal, Quebec where there are large Asian-Canadian communities. It isalso gaining popularity in Australia, especially in Sydney, Brisbane and  Melbournewhere there are also high concentrations of Asian immigrants and descendants. Capital Bubble Tea Cafe's focus is on meeting the demand of a regular local residentcustomer base, as well as a  significant level of tourist traffic from nearby highwaysMarket Segmentation Customers are likely to be: * Young professionals may consider bubble tea a  novelty and luxury alternative tothe commuter, lunchtime or after-work coffee. * Although it contains sugar, bubble tea  is a much healthier alternative tocarbonated fizzy drinks and may therefore appeal to health conscious consumers. * It is popular for people to hold meetings such as craft circles and book groups inlocal cafes and coffee shops and a bubble tea cafe could appeal as an unusualalternative. Due to its fairly new status, bubble tea has a certain novelty value that mightappeal to people looking  to try different tastes and flavors. * Office workers looking for a quick snack and drink or a relaxing meeting place. Travelers will be attracted to bubble tea  cafes situated at transport locations suchas railway stations or airports; these can provide a useful way of relaxing beforeor during journeys. Increasingly bubble tea cafes or outlets are being located attransport terminals servicing clients throughout journeys, even short distance commutes.Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  will focus on two different market segments: Commuters andCaptive Consumers. Commuters are defined as any one  or more individuals in a motorized vehicle  travelingfrom point â€Å"A† to point â€Å"B. †Ã‚  Capital Bubble Tea Cafe greatest concentration  will be oncommuters heading to or from work, or those out on their lunch break. Captive Consumers would include those who are tethered to a campus environment, or ina restricted entry environment that does not allow free movement to and from.Examples would include high school and college campuses, where  there is limited time  between classes, and corporate campuses  where the same time constraints are involved,  but regarding meetings and project deadlines, and special events; such as  carnivals, fairsor festivals–where there is an admission price to ente r the  gate, but exiting would meananother admission fee, or where refreshments are an  integral part of the festivities. Capital Bubble Tea Cafe focuses on the middle and upper-income markets. These marketsegments consume the majority of bubble tea. Local ResidentsCapital Bubble Tea Cafe  wants to establish a large regular customer base. This willestablish a healthy, consistent revenue base to  ensure stability of the business. Tourists Tourist traffic comprises approximately 35% of the revenues. High visibility andcompetitive products and service are critical to  capture this segment of the market. Target Market Segment Strategy The dominant target market for Capital Bubble Tea Cafe is a regular  stream of localresidents. Personal and expedient customer service at  a competitive price is key tomaintaining the local market share of this target market.Market Needs Because Capital City has a warm  climate for eight months out of the year, bubble  tea  products are very much in demand. During the remaining four months of the year,  warmdrinks are in significantly higher demand, along with a slower but consistent demand for  Ã‚  bakery products. Much of the  day's activity occurs at lunchtime, with a relatively steadyflow for the remainder of the day. Service Business Analysis The retail bubble tea industry in the  U. S. has recently experienced rapid growth. Theclimate in Capital City stimulates consumption of cold beverages throughout the year.Bubble tea drinkers in the U. S. are finicky about the quality of beverages  offered at thenumerous cafes across the region. Despite low competition in the immediate area, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe will positionitself as a place where customers can  enjoy a cup of delicious bubble  tea with a fresh  pastry in a relaxing environment. Competition and Buying Patterns Competition in the local area is somewhat  sparse and does not provide nearly the  level of  Ã‚  product quality and cus tomer service as Capital Bubble Tea Cafe. Local customers arelooking for a high quality product in a relaxing atmosphere.They desire a  unique, classyexperience. In addition to sales through company operated retail stores, leading competitors selldrinks through other channels of distribution (specialty operations). Larger chains varytheir product mix depending upon the size of each store and its location. Larger stores carry a broad selection of drinks in  various sizes and types of packaging, aswell as accessories such as storage containers, travel tumblers and  mugs. Smaller storesand kiosks typically sell a limited line of drinks and,  maybe, a few accessories such astravel tumblers and logo mugs.Technologically savvy competitors make fresh bubble tea and bubble tea-related productsconveniently available via mail order and  online. Additionally, a few larger competitorshave made mail order catalogs offering bubble tea, certain food items, and select bubbletea-making equ ipment and accessories, available. Websites offering online stores that allow customers to browse for and purchase  bubbletea, gifts, and other items via the Internet have become more commonplace as well Strategy and Implementation Bubble tea cafes shops are heavily reliant on impulse buying and passing trade.Thereforethey will benefit from a strong image that is attractive to  clearly identifiable types of  customer. They are at the forefront of ‘lifestyle’ branding and as such  reflect the changes in theUS’s demographic make-up. Issues to consider when developing a bubble tea cafes client base include: * Visibility – location will be vital. However, high street sites may be difficult toobtain due to high rent  and intense competition, particularly from major chains. * Ease of access – other locations to consider includes those close to transport, e. g. near railway and bus stations. Shop design – bubble tea cafes usually cater for both the leisure and takeawaymarket by having separate areas, e. g. a lounge area and a walk-in area. Manychains have been modeled on specific themes such as Asian style. However, anindependent bubble tea cafe  may need to differentiate itself from the large chains. Advertising in a variety of local publications will increase knowledge  of your  Ã‚  bubble tea cafe and  a favorable review in the local  media will increase interest. Consideration should be given to additional activities that may attract custom.For  example displaying art works of local artists or students may bring in customers. Live music could increase interest or hosting ‘reading  group’ meetings (anincreasingly popular leisure activity) could bring in additional and regular custom. * Promotional offers – most bubble tea cafes attract younger customers, therefore  promoting the business to older age groups may be worthwhile or offering dealssuch as ‘bubble tea and†¦ ’ deals. * Good quality food and drink will be  an essential element as the market is highly competitive. If other drinks are served this could be  promoted along with any other unusual elements of the business. * Word of mouth recommendation will also be  important therefore it is important that you offer good customer service and  staff are aware of this requirement. Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  will succeed by offering consumer’s high quality bubble tea, as well as bakery products with personal service at  a competitive price. Competitive Edge Capital Bubble Tea Cafe's competitive edge  is the relatively low level of competition in the local area in this particular niche.Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  will involve the customers in community support efforts byexplaining that a portion of their purchase price will be donated to a charity of their  choosing. In so doing, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe has: * Provided a customer with a quality product  at a competiti ve price. * Provided the customer with a more convenient method for obtaining their desired  product. * Demonstrated how Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  appreciates their loyalty and  patronage by donating money to their personal cause. Marketing Strategy CapitalBubble Tea Cafe  will be implementing a low cost advertising/promotioncampaign which could involve drive-time radio, but not much more. Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  will rely on building relationships with schools, charities and corporations to provide significant free publicity because of its community support  program. By giving charitable contributions to these institutions, they will get the word out to their students/faculty/employees/partners about Capital Bubble Tea Cafe. Word of mouth has always proven  to be the greatest advertising program a company can instill.In addition, the media will be more than willing to promote the charitable aspectsof Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  and provide the opportunity for more expo sure  every timeCapital Bubble Tea Cafe writes a check to another organization. Pricing StrategyCapital Bubble Tea Cafe  pricing will be comparable to the competition, but with thevalue-added feature of immediate convenience. Promotion StrategyThe long-range goal is to  gain enough visibility to leverage the product  line into other  regions and generate inquiries from potential inventors.To  do that, Capital Bubble TeaCafe needs: * Public relations services at $1,000 per month  for the next year intended togenerate awareness of editors and product  information insertions, reviews, etc. Itis anticipated that the school fundraising program will generate a fair amount of  Ã‚  publicity on its own and will, perhaps, minimize–or even  eliminate–the need for  a publicist. * Advertising at $1,000 per month concentrating on drive time radio. CapitalBubble Tea Cafe will experiment with different stations, keeping  careful track of  results.As with the school fundraising program, Capital Bubble Tea  Cafe expects the facilities and signage to be a  substantial portion of our advertising. However,in the start-up phase, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe needs to let people know where tolook for the facilities. Marketing ProgramsDistinctive Logo:Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  wants to touch every customer every day. That  is why the use of  the term â€Å"Come Again† with a  smiling logo lends itself to being the corporate identifier. Distinctive Buildings:Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  has worked closely with the manufacturer to make  the buildingdistinctive, so that it is easy to recognize, and  functional.Advertising and Promotion:In the first year, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe plans to spend $20,000 on advertising and  promotion, with the program beginning in **. This would not be considered a seriousadvertising budget for any business, but Capital Bubble Tea Cafe feels the exposure willcome from publicity and promotion, so most of  the funds will be spent on a  good  publicist who will get the word out  about the charitable contribution program and  how itworks in conjunction with the website.Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  also believes that word-of-mouth advertising and free beveragecoupons will be better ways to drive  people to the first and second  locations. In the second year, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe is increasing the budget to $40,000, since itwill need to promote several locations, with particular emphasis on announcing theseopenings and all the other locations. Capital Bubble Tea Cafe will continue to use  publicity as a key component of the marketing program.In the third year, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe will increase its advertising and promotion  budget to $80,000,  with the majority of the advertising budget being  spent on drive timeradio. Sales StrategyThere will be several sales strategies put into place,  including posting specials on high-  profit items at the window. Th e staff will also hand  out free drink coupons to those whohave purchased a certain number of cups or something similar.Capital Bubble Tea Cafe  will also develop window sales techniques such as  the staff  asking if the customer would like a  fresh-baked item with their bubble tea. Sales Programs * Corporate Tasting Events – Capital Bubble Tea  Cafe plans to host tasting eventsfor customers on a quarterly basis. Each quarter, at the  introduction of eachseason, Capital Bubble Tea Cafe will be adjusting its menu to reflect the changesin the flavors served. * Drink Coupons – At fundraising events for schools and  corporate events, we will  be giving away drink coupons as door prizes or awards.This encourages the  person to come in for their free beverage and bring a friend or buy a baked item or  a package of our bubble teas. * Chamber of Commerce and Professional Memberships – Because  of the need tosell our services, Capital Bubble Tea C afe  will be an active participant in the Regional Chamber, local Chambers of Commerce,  Foodservice Associations, and Specialty Beverage Associations. The exposure and education that these organizations provide is outstanding, but equally important are the  contacts and opportunities made available

Understanding Uniform Probability

Understanding Uniform Probability A discrete uniform probability distribution is one in which all elementary events in the sample space have an equal opportunity of occurring. As a result, for a finite sample space of size n, the probability of an elementary event occurring is 1/n. Uniform distributions are very common for initial studies of probability. The histogram of this distribution will look rectangular in shape. Examples One well-known example of a uniform probability distribution is found when rolling a standard die. If we assume that the die is fair, then each of the sides numbered one through six has an equal probability of being rolled. There are six possibilities, and so the probability that a two is rolled is 1/6. Likewise, the probability that a three is rolled is also 1/6. Another common example is a fair coin. Each side of the coin, heads or tails, has an equal probability of landing up. Thus the probability of a head is 1/2, and the probability of a tail is also 1/2. If we remove the assumption that the dice we are working with are fair, then the probability distribution is no longer uniform. A loaded die favors one number over the others, and so it would be more likely to show this number than the other five. If there is any question, repeated experiments would help us to determine if the dice we are using are really fair and if we can assume uniformity. Assumption of Uniform Many times, for real-world scenarios, it is practical to assume that we are working with a uniform distribution, even though that may not actually be the case. We should exercise caution when doing this. Such an assumption should be verified by some empirical evidence, and we should clearly state that we are making an assumption of a uniform distribution. For a prime example of this, consider birthdays. Studies have shown that birthdays are not spread uniformly throughout the year. Due to a variety of factors, some dates have more people born on them than others. However, the differences in popularity of birthdays are negligible enough that for most applications, such as the birthday problem, it is safe to assume that all birthdays (with the exception of leap day) are equally likely to occur.

WRITING FOR SMALL INDIE PUBLISHERS

WRITING FOR SMALL INDIE PUBLISHERS Between the behemoth Big Six and the self-publishing path is a plethora of other markets seeking quality fiction. Some small indie publishers have even seen their authors rise to the top of the New York Times, USA Today, and Kindle bestseller lists, with books available in bookstores nationwide. Yet chatter in the industry rarely discusses theses successes. These smaller, independent publishers produce a wide range of genres from nonfiction to science fiction to erotica. Many publish only in electronic format, but many also produce paperback, hardback, and audiobook versions. They tend to have less restrictive contracts, higher royalties, and are more willing to take cross-genre, experimental or hard to define works. They offer professional editing, cover art, and many even provide regular promotion or easy access to promotional outlets for their authors. Advantages of Small Presses: While they usually cater to a niche market, small presses often allow a great deal of freedom within that market. Also, indie niche markets are often ones the bigger publishers don’t focus on at all due to smaller readership. So if you have a difficult to categorize book that combines urban fantasy, speculative fiction and erotica, for example, a smaller publisher might snap it up. Many small presses pay royalties monthly, so you get your money more quickly and more regularly than you might from a publisher following a traditional model. Most pay royalties from 30% to 50% on e-book sales- considerably higher than the Big Six publishers offer. Disadvantages: Most small Indies don’t pay advances. Those that do generally offer very small ones- a few hundred dollars rather than a few thousand. However, this is often offset These presses are small. In many cases, youll be looking at selling hundreds of copies rather than thousands. But in most cases your book will take off more quickly than if you self publish, because a small press has a built-in group of loyal readers who will buy anything the company publishes. Breaking In: As with any publisher, lead with your best work. Indie pubs are not in the business of buying that early piece thats been rejected Follow submission guidelines. These can include genre, word count, formatting, whether or not simultaneous submissions are allowed, and sometimes, specific requirements within the genre. Again, I see many submissions where the author obviously didnt take to time to read the guidelines and has sent material that doesnt fit the publishers needs. Some Small Press Markets: Samhain Publishing Romance, urban fantasy, horror, retro romance Eggplant Literary Productions Speculative fiction Etopia Press Urban fantasy, science fiction, fantasy, horror, literary fiction Musa Publishing A variety of genres including speculative fiction, romance, historical, mystery and young adult Noble Romance Various romance subgenres Changeling Press Erotica

MA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - Essay Example It focuses on studies of conditions pre and post 2003 war. This study will focus on human rights violations and its impact on the international relations of Iraq with various countries. International Relations which has developed as a branch of Political Science and it studies foreign affairs of states and relations among states within the international system. In the present scenario the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) have become very important to determine the International Relations among states. These cover various issues of politics, economics, security and peace and human rights. To formulate any foreign policy all these issues are being analysed and concerned. The diverse range of issues covered in International Relations studies range from globalisation to cultural studies, cross cultural impacts, ecology, nuclear issues terrorism and human security to human rights. One of the approaches of international relations is Inter-statist approach where in State is divided into two separate domains of internatl and external(international) domains. International norms along with human rights comes under the External domain. Understanding of international domain depands in agreeing on various issues and rules. Human rights in Iraq have been one of the concerns of international communities from the past. Human rights have been reported to be violated reign of Saddam Hussein and even after Gulf war in 1991. In Saddam’s period Government had repressed anyone who opposed or questioned any decision. Government had control over major industries and oil production. The human rights violations included Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life, disappearance of people after military occupations, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Arbitrary Arrest,

Theories and Concepts in Leadership and Management Essay - 1

Theories and Concepts in Leadership and Management - Essay Example A leader nurse takes responsibility and guides the staff in accordance to the nurse ethics. A nurse leader identifies the strength of other staff members and utilizes to create an effective model (Kelly, 2012). Management on the other hand is an elective or appointed position. A manager works based on goals set by an entity, a successful manager is one who performs according to expectation (Kelly, 2012). Management in this case is authoritative. Consultations are done on a horizontal basis. A manager defers form a leader in the manner in which decisions is arrived at. A manager works with an aim of improving the quality and output while leader works on the negatives and work on them to ensure an appropriate working environment is created (Marquis & Huston, 2014). In some cases the two functions may overlap. In this case an authoritative manager may have the traits that qualify him as a leader. The manager works with the available staff while leaders work on their negative and motivate them towards better performance. He ensures the external and internal environments are functional and are effective to ensure quality performance (AANAC, 2013). In this case policy making and execution are enjoined as a single function. This would imply that the two functions overlap. An effective nurse should aim at ensuring the overlap created by these two functions is harmonized and effective system

Compare a shared theme between the book Don Quioxote and the movie Toy Essay

Compare a shared theme between the book Don Quioxote and the movie Toy Story - Essay Example The stories about the knights have sunken deeply into his mind that, somehow, it has misshapen his sanity. He grew up idolizing knights and their gallantry and even began to dress up like one and go out on adventures or quests of his own for reasons like "My armour is my only wear, My only rest the fray"2. He had his own damsel in the person of a peasant girl from Toboso named Aldonsa Lorenzo. Alonso Quijano was so much into his character that he also made up a name for himself and had others call him Don Quixote de La Mancha. Buzz Lightyear of Toy Story, on the other hand, is so caught up in his own reality as a high-tech, space ranger, and not simply a plaything. His belief in his reality is so profound that he even believed that he could fly - a feat he was able to prove to himself and to the other toys when he tried flying with his eyes closed. Falling with style as Woody puts it. Discussing the common theme between the story of Don Quixote and the film Toy Story, one can see how the characters lived in a world of their own made-up realities. Don Quixote fed on his imaginations of the gallant knights and was even caught saying this to himself: "Who knows but that in time to come, when the veracious history of my famous deeds is made known, the sage who writes it, when he has to set forth my first sally in the early morning, will do it after this fashion"3. The effect of the books on his thinking was as deep as his wanting to become a full-fledged knight. This is stated in the book as: "Day was dawning when Don Quixote quitted the inn, so happy, so gay, so exhilarated at finding himself now dubbed a knight, that his joy was like to burst his horse-girths."4 He also went to as far as dubbing, his so-called damsel, Aldonsa Lorenzo as Dulcinea del Toboso and swearing to offer his services to this "fair lady". Along with his absurd thinking are absurd behaviors such as talking to himself and saying verses like "O Princess Dulcinea, lady of this captive heart, a grievous wrong hast thou done me to drive me forth with scorn, and with inexorable obduracy banish me from the presence of thy beauty. O lady, deign to hold in remembrance this heart, thy vassal, that thus in anguish pines for love of thee5. He also named his donkey Rosinante to add more glamour to his stature as a knight. Adding to the extremity of his fondness for chivalry and knighthood, Don Quixote looked for a squire for himself to keep track of his adventures. He promised the laborer an island just to get that loyal travel companion. "Your worship will take care, Senor Knight-errant, not to forget about the island you have promised me, for be it ever so big I'll be equal to gov erning it."6 Those and Don Quixote's other bizarre actions were all caused by too much exposure to books on chivalry and knighthood. His actions were inevitable since these are based on a strong belief which he has stated as: Thou shalt never see it again as long as thou livest7. He was too engrossed on those legends that it was almost impossible to stop him from associating everything he sees with his adventure. One incident was when he fought against what he perceived to be as monsters: "Fortune is arranging matters for us better than we could have shaped our desires ourselves, for look there, friend Sancho Panza, where thirty or more monstrous giants present themselves"8. Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote and the movie Toy Story both

Project Development Approach And Justification

Project Development Approach And Justification To solve actual problems in an industry setting, software engineer or a team of engineers must incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the process, methods and tools layers and generic phases. This strategy is often referred to as process model or a software engineering paradigm or project development approach. A process model for software engineering is chosen based on the nature of the project and application, the methods and tools to be used, and the controls and deliverables that are required. Our software is based on Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model. This software development approach is as described as below. Rapid Application Development Model RAD model is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle. If requirements are well understood and project scope is constrained, the RAD process enables a development team to create a fully functional system within short time periods (60-90 days). RAD approach encompasses the following phases: Business Modeling: The flow of information among business functions is modeled in such a way that answers following questions: What Information drives the business? What Information generated? Who generates it? Where does Information go? Who Process it? Data Modeling: The flow defined as part of business modeling phase is refined into a set of data object that are needed to support the business. Data Modeling answers a set of specific questions that are relevant to any data processing application. It enables software engineer to identify data objects and their relationship using a graphical notation. C:Documents and SettingshiralsMy DocumentsMy Picturesuntitled.bmp Figure 2. RAD Model (Rapid Application Development Model) Process Modeling: The data objects defined in the data modeling phase are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function processing description s are created for adding, modifying, deleting or retrieving a data object. Application generation: RAD process works to reuse existing program components or create reusable components. Testing and turnover: The RAD process emphasizes reuse; many of the program components have already been tested. This reduces overall testing time. However, new components must be tested and all interfaces must be fully exercised. Advantages of RAD Model: Emphasizes an extremely short development cycle Fully functional system within very short time periods Drawbacks of RAD Model: Like all process models RAD approach has drawbacks: For large but scalable projects, RAD requires human resources to create the right number of RAD teams. RAD requires developers and customers who are committed to the rapid-fire activities necessary to get a system complete in a much-abbreviated time frame. If commitment is lacking from either constituency, RAD projects will fail. Not all type of applications are appropriate for RAD. If system cannot be properly modularized, building the components necessary for RAD will be problematic. RAD is not appropriate when technical risks are high. Weeks Months Week l Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 1st Month 1)Orientation program 2)Introduction session 3)Overview of training training Program 4)Introduction to system setup 5)ISO introduction 6)Study of ACTL intranet sites 1) Seminar on ACTL coding standards 2) Database standards and practices. 3) Implementation of demo project named Inventory Management System 1) Testing of demo project named Inventory Management System 2) Lecture on quality assurance 3) Lecture on SDLC 4) Introduction to CRS 1) Study Project definition and requirement analysis of proposed system 2) Data flow analysis of proposed system 3) Decided the software process model for the proposed System. 4) Prepare required diagrams. 2nd Month 1)Learn how JQuery works 2)Study about CRS Restaurant modules 3)Database design 1) Study about amenities module 2) Implement amenities module 3)Testing of created module 1) Study about policy module 2) Implement policy module 3)Testing of created module 1) Study about promotion module 2) Implement promotion module 3)Testing of created module 3rd Month 1) Study about Servings module 2) Implement Servings module 3)Testing of created module 1) Study about Cuisine, Hall, Price List module 2) Implement module 3)Testing of created module 1) Study about booking , Cancelation , Stop Sales module 2) Implement of it 3)Testing of created module 1) Study of Event, Loyalty, User module 2) Implement Events, Loyalty module 3)Testing of created module 4rd Month 1) compliance, Roles , Themes module 2) Implement module 1)Testing created module Report Development 2)Integration of all modules 1) Integration testing 2) Add facility of multi lingual facility 1) Test system on different browsers. 2) Solve Issues. Figure 2.2 Project Planning Milestones: Every task or group of tasks should be associated with project milestone. A milestone is accomplished when one or more work products has been reviewed for quality and has been approved. Project Milestones include completion of some defines tasks in defined time limits. The milestones associated with this project are shown below: Study of ACTL Framework JQuery First milestone includes study of ACTL framework, SDLC, study of JQuery documents. JQuery documents includes JQGrid, JQuery Wizard, JQuery Validation, Menu, JQuery Date picker, etc., Database coding standards, query optimization, etc Project planning Scheduling Second milestone includes analysis of project and designing. Then we have started coding to develop first prototype which includes Servings Halls. Cuisine Items setup also includes setup of Items and based on selection of Cuisine, Finally all these modules are debugged and tested. Development of various modules Third milestone includes developing price list module, stop sell module, search booking module. Item Price List module includes setup of rates for different items hall wise. Booking search includes guest searching. Also these modules are debugged and tested. Development continued Fourth milestone includes developing reports module, business setup module, compliance module, etc. These all modules are again tested and reviewed. Testing and Documentation Fifth milestone includes the integration testing and documentation. Deliverables: Every task that is scheduled should have a defined outcome. For software projects, the outcome is normally a work product (e.g., the design of a module) or a part of a work product. Work products are often combined in deliverables. They are delivered at end of some major phase such as specification, design etc. Deliverables for this project are shown below: Project Specification It includes the requirement analysis and specification of each module to be developed. It includes description of each module containing what that module does, how it interacts with another module, what is input to that module and the outputs from that module. Project Design It includes structural design for each module. Design is used for better understanding of each modules functionality and interface. Designing consists of many diagrams which help us to view a system as a whole. Developed Product It is the working product or prototype delivered to customer. Documentation It includes some facilities to help the customer while using this project. Roles: After careful review of requirements, this project requires following different modes for interaction: programming mode, test mode, monitoring mode, and troubleshooting mode. Therefore, roles can be defined as programmer, tester, monitor, and troubleshooter. Here we are three peoples in our team. We all play these four roles as per requirements of project and as per our scheduling. Project Managers role is to review the project and suggest the improvements to be done. Responsibilities: Every task that is scheduled is assigned to a specific team member. Each members responsibility is to develop the assigned module, test it and troubleshooting for that module. Resources: The first step in building the project schedule is to identify the resources required to perform each of the tasks required to complete the project. A resource is any person, item, tool, or service that is needed by the project that is either scarce or has limited availability. The project could include computer resources (like shared computer room, mainframe, or server time), locations (training rooms, temporary office space), services (like time from contractors, trainers, or a support team), and special equipment that will be temporarily acquired for the project. One or more resources must be allocated to each task. To do this, the project manager must first assign the task to people who will perform it. For each task, the project manager must identify one or more people on the resource list capable of doing that task and assign it to them. Once a task is assigned, the team member who is performing it is not available for other tasks until the assigned task is completed. While some tasks can be assigned to any team member, most can be performed only by certain people. If those people are not available, the task must wait. In our team each and every member is assigned specific modules. Resources required by these modules are also allocated to him/her only. Dependencies: Once resources are allocated, the next step is to identify dependencies between tasks. A task has a dependency if it involves an activity, resource, or work product that is subsequently required by another task. Dependencies come in many forms: a test plan cant be executed until a build of the software is delivered; code might depend on classes or modules built in earlier stages; a user interface cant be built until the design is reviewed. It is the project managers responsibility to work with everyone on the engineering team to identify these dependencies. The project manager should start by taking the each module and adding dependency information to it: each task in the selected module is given a number, and the number of any task that it is dependent on should be listed next to it as a predecessor. Figure 2.3 shows the four ways in which one task can be dependent on another. Figure 2.3: Dependency among Modules We have also identified dependencies among the modules and sub modules in our project. Then we have divided our work as per dependencies. Schedule Representation Software project scheduling is an activity that distributes estimated efforts across the planned duration by allocating the effort to specific software engineering tasks. Time Line Chart (Weekly) 1st February To 29th February Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Work Task Introduction to CRS Study Project Definition Analysis Analysis of Amenities Module Analysis of Policy Module Milestone Implementation of Amenities Policy Module Figure 2.4: Project Schedule Representation Work Task Week 4 Week 3 Week 2 Week 11st March To 29th March Testing of developed modules Servings, Cuisine, Halls Implementation of price list, Bookings, stop sell, Testing of developed modules Loyalty, Events Analysis of multilingual Milestone Implementation of Search booking Stop sell Module Work Task Week 4 Week 3 Week 2 Week 11st April To 26th April Testing of developed modules Analysis of Compliance Module Implementation Testing of Compliance Module Integration Testing Solve Issues Creating Themes Multi lingual Milestone Implementation of CRS RISK MANAGEMENT It is the process of measuring or assessing risk and then developing strategies to manage the risk. In general, the strategies employed include transferring the risk to another party, avoiding the risk, reducing the negative effect of the risk, and accepting some or all of the consequences of a particular risk. Traditional risk management focuses on risks stemming from physical or legal causes (e.g. natural disasters or fires, accidents, death, and lawsuits). Financial risk management, on the other hand, focuses on risks that can be managed using traded financial instruments. Project Risks are risks, which affect the project schedule or resources. Product Risks are risks, which affect quality or performance of the software being developed. Business Risks are risks which affect the organization developing or procuring the software. In ideal risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby the risks with the greatest loss and the greatest probability of occurring are handled first, and risks with lower probability of occurrence and lower loss are handled later. In practice this process can be very difficult, and balancing between risks with a high probability of occurrence but lower loss vs. a risk with high loss but lower probability of occurrence can often be mishandled. Risk Identification Risk identification is a systematic attempt to specify threats to the project plan (estimates, schedule, resource loading, etc.) By identifying known and predictable risks, the project manager takes a first step towards avoiding them when possible and controlling them when necessary. There are two distinct types of risks Generic risks and Product-specific risks. Generic risks are a potential threat to the project and Product-specific risks are those that can be identified by only those with clear understanding of the technology, the people and the environment that is specific to that project. Possible risks involved in developing Central Reservation System are technical risks and project risks. First risk Central Reservation System is totally dependent on ACTL Framework. Second risk is that our system needs to be integrated to booking engine via Dxchange middleware that uses XML format data as communication standard . Third risk is associated with authorization; if in the software the anonymous or wrong user is authorized or assign role by mistake then he may do changes that cause the system in dangerous mode. We are planning to give multilingual co-branding system. The risk is associated with time period, the degree of uncertainty that project schedule will be meet, maintained and that the product will be on time. Project Risk includes personnel (staffing and organization) risk and schedule risk. Currently our team size is 3. We can follow our schedule as per planning. If team size gets reduced then schedule and planning must be changed. Risk Analysis Risk analysis = Risk Assessment + Risk Management + Risk Communication. Risk Assessment:- It involves identifying sources of potential harm, assessing the likelihood that harm will occur and the consequences if harm does occur. Risk Management:- It evaluates which risks identified in the risk assessment process require management and selects and implements the plans or actions that are required to ensure that those risks are controlled. Risk Communication:- It involves an interactive dialogue between stakeholders and risk assessors and risk managers which actively informs the other processes. There are two points to keep in mind when analyzing risk: Where is the risk? How significant is the risk? By analyzing the identified risks we have the following conclusion. The probability that algorithm risk becomes reality is very high. We have to study and implement JQuery components. So there is possibility that some of the components cannot fit into current structure. Without these components our current system can run efficiently but either we have to change our desired component. Risk Planning Once risks have been identified and assessed, all techniques to manage the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories: Risk Avoidance It includes not performing an activity that could carry risk. An example would be not buying a property or business in order to not take on the liability that comes with it. Avoidance may seem the answer to all risks, but avoiding risks also means losing out on the potential gain that accepting the risk may have allowed. To avoid the risk also avoids the possibility of earning profits. Risk Reduction It involves methods that reduce the severity of the loss. Modern software development methodologies reduce risk by developing and delivering software incrementally. Early methodologies suffered from the fact that they only delivered software in the final phase of development; any problems encountered in earlier phases meant costly rework and often jeopardized the whole project. By developing in iterations, software projects can limit effort wasted to a single iteration. A current trend in software development, spearheaded by the Extreme Programming community, is to reduce the size of iterations to the smallest size possible, sometimes as little as one week is allocated to an iteration. Risk Retention It involves accepting the loss when it occurs. Risk retention is a viable strategy for small risks where the cost of insuring against the risk would be greater over time than the total losses sustained. All risks that are not avoided or transferred are retained by default. This includes risks that are so large or catastrophic that they either cannot be insured against or the premiums would be infeasible. This may also be acceptable if the chance of a very large loss is small or if the cost to insure for greater coverage amounts is so great it would hinder the goals of the organization too much. Risk transfer It means causing another party to accept the risk, typically by contract or by hedging. Insurance is one type of risk transfer that uses contracts. Other times it may involve contract language that transfers a risk to another party without the payment of an insurance premium. Liability among construction or other contractors is very often transferred this way. On the other hand, taking offsetting positions in derivatives is typically how firms use hedging to financially manage risk. Some ways of managing risk fall into multiple categories. Risk retention pools are technically retaining the risk for the group, but spreading it over the whole group involves transfer among individual members of the group. This is different from traditional insurance, in that no premium is exchanged between members of the group up front, but instead losses are assessed to all members of the group. The planning by which the identified risks for this project are handled is described as following: We have planned to build sample application in ACTL Framework so all team members can be familiar with framework. We planned to use OTA standard to communicate with booking engine. We have also planned to use compliance driven system so even if a user is assigned a role accidently then also users changes need to be approved by super administrator. ESTIMATION Effective software project estimation is one of the most challenging and important activities in software development. Estimation is one of the cornerstones of effective project planning: effective project planning and control is not possible without a sound and reliable estimate. Under-estimating a project leads to under-staffing it (which often results in staff burnout), under-scoping the quality assurance effort (running the risk of low quality deliverables), and setting too short a schedule (resulting in loss of credibility as deadlines are missed). This negatively impacts staff productivity, product quality, customer relationships and overall credibility. Conversely, overestimating a project can be just as detrimental. Since most projects expand to fit their estimated schedule, allocating appropriate resources to future projects can quickly become an issue, creating scheduling bottle necks and planning difficulties. Good software estimation and planning goes beyond tools, techniques and processes. Its also about the right attitude, understanding and mutual expectations not just from the software developers but also from senior management. When we understand together what can be done, what has been done, and what is being put before us, we can successfully plan projects to make them more predictable. A sound estimate starts with dividing project in some phases. Each phase is that, if completed, will produce the final product. There are many ways to decompose a project into tasks. The project can be broken down by feature, by project phase (requirements tasks, design tasks, programming tasks, etc.), or by some combination of the two. Now the team must create an estimate of the effort required to perform each task. The most accurate estimates are those that rely on prior experience. Team members should review previous project results and find how long similar tasks in previous projects took to complete. Sources of delays in the past should be taken into account when making current estimates. No estimate is guaranteed to be accurate. People get sick or leave the organization; teams run into unforeseen technical problems; the needs of the organization change. The unexpected will almost certainly happen. Therefore, the goal of estimation is not to predict the future. Instead, it is to gauge an honest, well-informed opinion of the effort required to do a task from those people in the organization who have the most applicable training and knowledge. Effort Estimation Software costs and effort estimation will never be an exact science. Too many variables human, technical, environmental, political can affect the ultimate cost of software and effort applied to develop it. However, software project estimation can be transformed from a black art to a series of systematic steps that provide estimates with acceptable risks. To achieve reliable cost and effort estimates, a number of options arise: Delay estimation until late in the project Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed. Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates. Use on or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation. We are adapting following criteria to estimate the effort. Step 1: We are computing the count total which will be used to define the complexity of a project. You will do that by completing the Figure 2.5. Top of Form Measurement Parameter Count Simple Average Complex Total Number of user inputs X 3 4 6 = Number of user outputs X 4 5 7 = Number of user inquiries X 3 4 6 = Number of files X 7 10 15 = Number of external interfaces X 5 7 10 = Count Total Figure 2.5: Table to compute Count Total Step 2: We are finding the complexity adjustment values based on responses to the questions shown in Figure 2.6. Question 0 1 2 3 4 5 1. Does the system require reliable backup and recovery? 2. Are data communications required? 3. Are there distributed processing functions? 4. Is performance critical? 5. Will the system run in an existing, heavily utilized operational environment? 6. Does the system require on-line data entry? 7. Does the on-line data entry require the input transaction? 8. Are the master file updated on-line? 9. Are the inputs, outputs, files, or inquiries complex? 10. Is the internal processing complex? 11. In the code designed to be reusable? 12. Are conversion and installation included in the design? 13. Is the system designed for multiple installations in different organizations? 14. Is the application designed to facilitate change and ease of use by the user? Total fi Complexity Weighting Factors (0 = No influence, 1 = Incidental, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Average, 4 = Significant, 5 = Essential): Figure 2.6: Table to compute Complexity Adjustment Values The Function Points is: (FP=Count Total + {0.65+0.01*(Efi)}) Step 3: We are finding LOC (Lines of Code), and we do this by choosing a programming language that we will use when developing a project. Figure 2.7 shows LOC/FP for different programming languages. Programming Language LOC/FP (average) Select Assembly Language 320 C 128 COBOL 105 Fortran 105 Pascal 90 Ada 70 Object-Oriented Languages 30 Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs) 20 Code Generators 15 Spreadsheets 6 Graphical Languages (icons) 4 Figure 2.7: LOC/FP Values for Different Programming Languages So LOC/FP for our project is Step 4: Final Step is to select complexity of the software project. Figure 2.8 is used to calculate effort and duration of the project. Software Project ab bb cb db Select Organic 2.4 1.05 2.5 0.38 Semi-detached 3.0 1.12 2.5 0.35 Embedded 3.6 1.20 2.5 0.32 Figure 2.8: Table to compute Effort and Duration From Figure 2.8 calculated effort and duration are: Effort (E) = ab(KLOC)bb = Duration (D) = cb(E)db = Cost Analysis: A cost-benefit analysis is necessary to determine economic feasibility. The primary objective of the cost-benefit analysis is to find out whether it is economically worthwhile to invest in the project. If the return on the investments is good, then the project is considered economically worthwhile. Cost-benefit analysis is performed by first listing all the costs associated with the project. Costs consist of direct costs and indirect costs. Benefits can be broadly classified as tangible benefit and intangible benefits. Tangible benefits are directly measurable and intangible are not. The sum of all costs is compared with the sum of all the savings (tangible and intangible). It is not always easy to assign money value to intangible benefits. It is arrived at by discussion amongst users of the system. Figure 2.9 shows general cost associated with project. Procurement Cost Installation cost for installing supporting software like Microsoft Office, Microsoft Visual Studio etc. The company already has the license for this software. Project Related Cost Cost of Data Collection for System Analysis. Cost of preparing Documentation. Cost of Development Management. Cost of Organization Resources. Ongoing Cost System Maintenance cost. Depreciation cost. Figure 2.9: Cost Representation Estimation of Cost is not provided to us as it is against the policy of Avani Cimcon Technologies Ltd. and due to some security reason.