Converting Paper Records to a Computer Based Health Record Essay

Traditional utilization of paper based medical records leads to the dispersion of clinical information as a result of the heterogeneous character of hospital systems. Due to this, the development of a clinical information system that can integrate hospital information as well as enable cooperation amongst legacy systems became a difficult task. System integration as well as the development of an efficient clinical information management system was thereby dependent upon the creation of conceptual and architectural tools that will enable such an integration. In line with this, many healthcare institutions are currently seeking to establish the integration of their workstations through the utilization of technological tools. Such tools are effective in the arrangement of clinical matters as well as in the arrangement of administrative and financial information. Clinical information systems are utilized by healthcare institutions in their integration of information. At this point, the utilization of electronic medical systems in healthcare delivery is evident in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, Hong Kong, Canada, as well as Australia. The current shift from a human memory based paradigm to a technological paradigm can be traced to the recent emphasis given on health care quality improvement and cost reduction. In lieu of this, policymakers started to adopt health information technology such as the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). According to Tim Scott in Implementing an Electronic Medical Record System, most information regarding the use of EMR systems are derived from the Regenstrief Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, the Department of Veterans Affairs, LDS Hospital, and Kaiser Permanente. The information derived from the following medical institutions shows the following. First, success is dependent upon the organizational tools rather than on the type of technology used. Second, minimal changes were noted in terms of increase of quality and efficiency as a result of the system’s adaptation. Such findings thereby led to the slow adoption and implementation of EMR systems since majority of medical institutions as well as healthcare systems required the high verifiability of the system’s utility. True enough, researches within these institutions also showed that EMR systems increase the quality of patient care as it decreases medical errors, however, the economic aspect regarding its use has not been well documented leaving most medical institutions adamant regarding its implementation. In lieu of this, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part will present the rationale behind the formation of the technology based medical paradigm. It will be formulated within the parameters of Thomas Kuhn’s conception of scientific revolutions. The second part present a discussion of the various EMR components and the problems encountered in its implementation at Kaiser. The last part, on the other hand, will concentrate on presenting possible solutions to the problems evident in the utilization of the EMR systems within the Kaiser program while giving specific emphasis on the role of the agent in successful implementation. Thomas Kuhn, in his work entitled The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, discusses the very nature and necessity of what he calls scientific revolutions. In this particular work, Kuhn sees an apparent parallelism between political revolutions on the one hand, and scientific revolutions on the other. Kuhn writes: â€Å"scientific revolutions†¦ (are) those non-cumulative developmental episodes in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole or in part by an incompatible new one† (2000, p. 50). On a preliminary note, paradigms are frameworks in and through which we approach phenomena, in general. They are models, so to speak. Naturally enough, different models employ different methodologies, different methodologies in turn, generate different types of knowledge, which, consequently, have different criteria of proof or validity. Scientific development, as Kuhn contends, may appropriately be characterized by paradigm shifts and this he calls scientific revolutions. It is important to note that scientific developments do not occur in a vacuum. For the aforementioned reason, there is a felt need to situate scientific developments in the historical context within which they are conceived, proposed and ultimately, institutionalized and integrated as part of society’s shared knowledge. This is to say that scientific revolutions are also proper objects of historical analysis and discourse in as much as political revolutions are. Kuhn contends that there is a parallelism between political and scientific revolutions. As pointed out earlier, it is important to note that he characterizes scientific revolutions as â€Å"those non-cumulative developmental episodes in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole or in part by an incompatible new one. † Kuhn’s characterization emphasizes two important points. First, â€Å"that there is a replacement of an old paradigm by a new one†. Second, â€Å"that the new paradigm is not merely something new; it is also incompatible with the old paradigm†. This is to say that the incompatibility or the irreconcilability of the new paradigm with the old paradigm serves as warrant for the necessity of such a revolution. Although there are significant differences in both scientific and political developments, Kuhn argues that one may be justified in using the notion of revolution as a metaphor for understanding them. He writes: Political revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, often restricted to a segment of the political community, that existing institutions have ceased adequately to meet the problems posed by the environment that they have in part created. In much the same way, scientific revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, again often restricted to a narrow subdivision of the scientific community that an existing paradigm has ceased to function adequately in the exploration of an aspect of nature to which that paradigm itself had previously led the way. (2000, p. 150) Kuhn’s parallelism is thus, founded on the idea that in both cases, a sense of malfunction (in our institutions as for the case of the political, and in our paradigms as for the case of the scientific) necessitates for the occurrence of a revolution. In relation to this, the shift from a human memory based paradigm to the technological paradigm may be likened to a revolutionary development within the field of medical data acquisition and retention. The difference between the human memory based paradigm as opposed to the technological paradigm stems from the ascription of greater subjectivity in relation to human memory based data as opposed to technologically maintained data. As was stated in the first part of the paper, the heterogeneous characteristic of medical institutions stems from the existence of various separate holistic systems within it. As a result of this, deriving and correlating clinical information becomes tedious. The main reason for this stems from human memory based paradigm’s utilization of paper based records which has a high probability of non-viability and unreliability. Examples of this are evident in evidence-based medicine’s non-adherence to the traditional methods of training and practice. Second, paper based records fall short of their original expectations. The objective of the healthcare record is â€Å"to identify problems and to understand the impact of the illness on the individual† thereby enabling the â€Å"amelioration of the problem to the patient’s satisfaction, within the bounds of medical capabilities and society’s resource limitations†(Simpson and Robinson, 2002, p. 115). The main limitation of the paper bound records, therefore, stem from their inability of being multiply accessible to members of society. On the other hand, Scott related the reasons for the development of a technology based paradigm with the high verifiability of the positive results of technologically determined medical care processes. According to Scott, â€Å"new technologies make it possible to evaluate and intervene to improve care in ways not heretofore possible† (2002, p. 2). In line with this, members of both the public and private sector lobby for the accessibility of technological improvements. For the members of the private sector, this is due to the inclusion of the medical industry within the business sphere. For the members of the public sector, on the hand, demands for greater accountability for health care stems from the prevailing belief that technological advancements must be made accessible to the general public. According to the IOM, information technology’s role in the substantial improvement of the redesign of the healthcare system is important since it ensures the formation of â€Å"a strong infrastructure in supporting efforts to reengineer care processes†¦ oordinate patient care across clinicians and settings and overtime, support multidisciplinary team functioning, and facilitate performance and outcome measurement for improvement and accountability† (qtd in Scott, 2002, p. 4). The results of the success of the EMR are traceable to the developments within the field of e-Health. According to Silber, EMR serves as the fundamental building bl ock for the development of various applications such as the use of ICT by the Primary Health Care Team. Others involve the use of ERM for validation of research or as an instrument in Continuing Medical Education. Information necessary for the functions ascribed above, in relation to the personal health record, are possible since the health record’s functionality enables the inclusion of the following: practitioner order entry, electronic patient record, document management, clinical decision support, administrative data, integrated communication support, as well as access to knowledge and resources. According to Raymonds and Dolds, the functions of each component are as follows. The electronic patient record presents the patient’s history. Document management, on the other hand contains the actions undertaken in relation to the patient’s diagnosis. Clinical decision support as compared to the later contains â€Å"the alerts based on current data from the electronic medical record, evidence based practical guidelines or more complex artificial intelligence systems for diagnostic support†. Access to administrative related information such as admission and discharge are contained within the section encompassing administrative data. Integrated communication support however provides the tools for the facilitation of effective and efficient communication amongst members of the patient’s health team. The last part enables access to other sources of information regarding the patient’s condition (Scott, 2007, p. 4). The Kaiser Permanente EMR implementation presented one of the main problems in relation to the utilization of the components of the technologically based paradigm. It was recognized that the problems arose due to several factors which range from the software’s lack of efficiency up to the non adherence of specific qualities of the program with the social conditions in the region as well as the team’s lack of background in relation to the efficiency the program necessitates with regards to the division of the work flow as well as its dependence upon all the players within the medical institutions that the program was implemented. Scott however stated that what should be given credence with regards to the above failed project is not so much as the failure of the program but the possibilities it opened in relation to the creation and implementation of new EMR programs in the future. Scott states, â€Å"success and failure are socially negotiable judgments, not static categories† (2007, p. 43). Hence if such is the case it is thereby possible to conceive of the problems noted by Hartswood et al (2003) in relation to the user-led characteristic of EMR. The social negotiability of judgments thereby ensures the possibility of reversals in judgments as soon as occasions arise wherein a perceived failure may be reconnected with an overall success. In line with this, the continuous developments within the various EMR systems produced and implemented within the country ensures the viability and possibility of a near success and perfection within the system which in a sense also ensures the possibility of another scientific revolution in the near future whose scope may extend beyond that of the technological sphere.

Research Paper Taxation Essay

Wage is the fixed amount of compensation for service rendered covering a fixed period of time, usually hours, or fixed amount of work. It is usually a compensation given to skilled and unskilled labor. Commission is usually a wage given to skilled and unskilled labor. Commission is usually a wage given to a salesperson based on the amount of his sales. This amount is usually added to basic salary. Bonus is given to simulate employees to work more efficiently and effectively (Valencia & Roxas, 2009) To make sure that employees comply with BIR regulation and local government laws, companies must include crucial employee and company information in their payroll systems. Setting up and running the different components that comprise a payroll system requires due diligence and adequate knowledge of tax legislation. Employee’s benefits In Philippine Accounting Standards (PAS) 19, paragraph 7 states that employees benefits are all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange of services rendered by employees. These benefits may be paid directly to the employee’s or to their dependents, such as their children or spouses. These can be settled by payment in cash in form goods and services. Paragraph 4 of PSAS 19 enumerates the following four classes: (a) short term employee benefits; (b) post-employment benefits; (c) other term employee benefits; and, (d) termination. Employee information During the new hire process, companies must collect information such as medical insurance and W-2 forms to determine what should be deducted from an employee’s paycheck. These forms also provide employers which crucial information, such as the employee’s Social Security number and their withholding amount for government tax purposes. The systems must also track and process changes made to the employee’s tax exemption status, pensions, insurance plans or retirement funds. Salary information As part of the new hire process, payroll systems include a component that designates which employees are full time, part time and contractors. Classifying worker in a payroll system is important since the government levies high penalties on companies that categorize employees incorrectly. Applicable taxes and deductions The National internal Revenue Code (R. A 8424) requires the employer to withhold portion of the salaries earned by employees that will at least approximate an income tax due of the earner relative to the income earned. The monthly or semi-monthly withholding s taxable could be obtained from the BIR to serve as guide as to what amount to be withheld from the salary of the employee (http://www. ehow. com/list_6725482_components-payroll-system. html, 17 July 2010). In preparing a payroll, certain government mandated contributions needed to be deducted from the gross play of each employee. These include withholding taxes, PAG-IBIG, SSS (Social Security System) and PhilHealth contributions. Withholding taxes is remitted to BIR while PAG-IBIG is remitted to Home Development and Mutual Fund (HDMF) (Cabrera, Ledesma & Lupisan, 2009). Other payroll withholdings include employee contributions to benefits, retirement accounts, and charities, these are determined by the employee during the fringe benefits selection process offered by their employer and must be taken into account as well as any employer matches when reporting payroll . Methods of Payroll Computation A payroll system involves everything that has to do with the payment of employees and the filing of employment taxes. This includes keeping track of hours, calculating wages, withholding taxes and other deductions, thus appropriate methods must be applied in the computation to achieve a desirable output. More and more aspects of payroll are being handled electronically. Methods include direct paycheck deposit, debit cards, payroll and non-payroll, use Web-based information system to allow employees access, with a secure password, to their individual payroll records including pay stubs, an earnings record and in some cases, employer information, such as the company manual or health insurance plan overview (Banning, 2008) Giove (1993) stated the seven methods for computing payroll: Hourly Rate Plan Employees paid on an hourly rate plan receive a fixed amount for each hour they work. An employee’s regular earnings are equal to the employee’s hourly rate multiplied by the number of hours worked during the payroll period. Salary Plan Salaried employees receive a fixed amount for each payroll period, whether weekly, biweekly, semimonthly, or monthly. If an employee on the salary plan works less than the regular hours during a payroll period, the employer may deduct for the time lost, although in most cases the employer does not make such a deduction. Regular earnings would be determined by multiplying that hourly rate by the actual number of hours the employee worked during the payroll period. Overtime Pay All employees in all establishments and undertakings whether for profit or not are entitled to overtime pay for work rendered beyond eight (8) hours. But this does not apply to managerial employees, field personnel, and members of the family of the employer who are dependent on him for support, domestic helpers, person in the personal service of another, and workers who are paid by results. Employees in the government are also entitled to overtime pay but they are governed by Civil Service laws and rules. Only employees in the private sector are covered by the Labor Code. Guaranteed Wage It is a written agreement to pay an employee a guaranteed minimum amount regardless of the hours worked, with an extra half-hour premium for hours over 40. Piece – Rate Plan It is a compensation plan whereby employee earnings depend on the units produced. Commission Plan Sales commission plans vary greatly from company to company but are generally based on the sales made during payroll period. Combination Plan This is a compensation method whereby employees receive a fixed amount of salary for each payroll period plus an extra amount for production (piece-work) or sales (commission). Timekeeping Records Accurate timekeeping is an essential part of an efficient payroll system. Every business must have an orderly method of recording the hours employees worked during the payroll period. The time records show the date and the time the workweek starts, the number of hours worked each day, and the total hours worked during the week. Time records are filed after the payroll is prepared and, in accordance with the requirements of the law, retained up to three years. The most common methods of timekeeping use a time clock with timecards or a time sheet. There are two primary reasons to maintain accurate payroll records. First, is the collection of the data necessary to compute the compensation for each employee for each payroll period. Second, provision of information needed to complete the various government report-federal and state- required of all employees. All business enterprise both large and small are required by law to withhold certain amounts from employees’ pay for taxes, to make payment to government agencies by specific deadlines, and submit reports on official forms. (McQuaig & Bille, 2008). Other Aspects of Payroll Accounting System Payroll Register The payroll register summarizes employee earnings and deduction information in a journal entry that is inserted into the general ledger for accounting and general research purposes. Payroll registers are also used to create tax report. These documents are prepared by payroll staff or generated using payroll computer system. Payroll Services The meteoric success of payroll services is not accidental, but rather a reflection of the business community’s willingness to outsource the tedious and complex task of payroll accounting to outside specialists. The upside of outsourcing payroll is that payroll services ensure that the company complies with laws pertaining to payroll. That is a big deal considering the time investment it would take the payroll officer to stay current on payroll-related legislation. Another big plus is that payroll services are responsible for keeping track of each employee’s accumulated earning, tax withholding, and other information needed to issue W-2 forms at the end of the year. They also stay on top of things like direct deposits, salary adjustment, quarterly tax payments and all of the other details that can be distraction from the important job of leading the company (http://Gaebler. com/payroll-services, 8 Aug, 2010). In-house Payroll If contracting a payroll service does not sound like a good fit for a business, the management also has the option of doing it in-house. But if the management plans on saving money by personally administering the payroll, having more alternatives will be a better idea. Even if the company only has a few employees, dealing with payroll-related details can be a waste of time. Instead, designating the job to an employee who can give it the time it requires so precious time can be dedicated to other things (http://Gaebler. com/in-house-payroll, 8 Aug, 2010). Whoever ends up doing payroll in the company will be happy to know that there is a lot of software out there to help them. In fact, most accounting software solutions have payroll modules. Start by assessing the capability of their current accounting software program. If it does not have a built-in payroll function, chances are it is available from the manufacturer as an add-on. If it is not, then the company needed to decide whether to change accounting to one that does or attempt to find a payroll program that is compatible with the current system. Either way, it is worth the time to find a computerized system that meets the company’s needs rather than trying to do it the old-fashioned way. Internal Control A district’s accounting and payroll functions are critical for the maintenance of a solid financial foundation. Accurate and timely financial reports are crucial to administration and board decision-making. Payroll must be accurate, as it represents the district’s largest budgeted expenditure. Internal controls must safeguard the district’s assets from misappropriation. Payroll processing is an error prone activity. If organizations have just one or two employees it may seem relatively easy to compute salaries outstanding, taxes etc, but as small business starts adding employees they find spending more and more time in computation of salaries including variable pay. Errors are common in the full and final settlement and increases when employees join in the middle of a term as the processes are manual (http://ezinearticles. om/? expert=Mikael Anderson, 4 Aug, 2010). Waterhouse (2010) said in one of his studies that the objective of internal controls for payroll is to ensure that payroll disbursements are properly recorded and that related legal requirements (such as payroll tax deposits) are complied with. Segregation of duties is an effective internal control. The bank reconciliation clerk reconciles the bank accounts and is not involved in processing or approving items for payment. A payroll administrator, supervisor, specialist and six clerks perform the payroll function. The Human Resources Department (HRD) enters employee data into a database share by Personnel and Payroll and sets the rate of pay. The software system controls the ability of individuals to change information based on their access to the system. This prevents unauthorized individuals from changing this information (http://window. state. tx. us, 6 Aug, 2010). Gelinas, Sutton and Hunton (2005) included in their study some of the procedures that can be used to prevent or detect schemes. First is the direct deposit of payroll to eliminate alteration, forgery and theft of paper check. Second, is checking for duplicate names, addresses, and Social Security number in the employee data, finally is comparing actual to budgeted payroll. Expense Accounts are often an area of fraud and abuse. This include: (a) using legitimate documentation from personal expense for the business expenses; (b) overstating expenses by altering receipts; (c) submitting fictitious expenses by submitting copies of invoices. Such abuses can be minimized by formulating reasonable policies that compensate employees for their out-of-pocket expenses. Copies of invoices should only be accepted in extreme circumstances. Finally, expense account activities should be monitored on a regular basis to detect unusual patterns (Gelinas, Sutton & Hunton, 2005). Payroll Fraud Connection Payroll, similar to cash disbursements, is an area ripe with fraud potential. After all, large organizations will make thousands of payments to employees for payroll and expenses account reimbursement every payroll period. Firth (2006) expresses that Payroll Fraud is an important issue that needs to be addressed by both Finance and Payroll professionals. Some of the key activities need to be considered include: improving the quality of master file data, reviewing the end to end payroll process, and reviewing the people that are performing each step in the payroll function. It is worth remembering that improving each of these areas will not only reduce the risk of payroll fraud, it will also result in many other business improvements right across the organization. Here are some of the types of payroll frauds, along with the median loss for each to an employer: (a) Ghost Employee, employees do not actually work for the company but receives paychecks. These can be recently departed employees or made-up persons; (b) Falsified hours and salary, employees exaggerate the time that they work or are able to increase the salary in their employee date; (c) Commission Schemes, employees falsify the sales on which commissions are based or increase the commission rate in their employee date; and, (d) False worker’s compensation claims, employees fake injuries to collect disability payments (Gelinas, Sutton & Hunton 2005).

Global Warming Is Caused By Human Beings - 1174 Words

Global Warming Global warming appears to be caused by human beings. There is too much CO2 in the atmosphere for plants and trees to take in all of it. There is strong evidence that humans are to blame, not just due to cars and factories but also from agriculture. A majority of scientists and scientific organizations believe humans are causing global warming. Global Warming is controversial. It is a perplexing phenomenon. Some people think it is a normal occurrence, others are afraid of the consequences and some say it is a myth1. However, sudden climate change start to be adversity. When we look at natural disasters that are not expected to occur, we have to ask what s happen to this world. When we see differing opinions of scientists and governments about it, it s can be confusing. â€Å"The potential threats are serious and actions are required to mitigate climate change risks and to adapt to deleterious climate change impacts that probably cannot be avoided.† (AC S, 2010). 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Automobiles, the second largest source, create nearly 1.5 billion tons of CO2 annually. The planet is changing faster than expectedRead MoreIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1404 Words   |  6 Pagesabout 90% of the use of fossil fuels worldwide to have a slim chance of stopping Global Warming. If the people have anything less than the percentage given, Global Warming will not stop. As of now Global Warming is a big issue throughout the world. Some say Global Warming is just a myth to scare people and it’s just a natural cause, but there is proof that Global Warming is a fact and that the main cause of Global Warming is anthropogenic causes or man-made. Man has overused the burning of fossilRead MoreSave the Earth and Save Life Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pages Gabrielle and Sir David King). Global warming is affecting not only polar bears but also many other species that are going extinct. Habitats are destroyed and islands are invaded by the sea water, slowly sinking. 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Although the earth’s climate and temperatures have changed, that does not mean it is humanly caused. Despite the pretense linking the association between man and global warming, which is heavily supported by consensus of scientists, eco-sensitive politicians, and the effort to restrictRead MoreCauses Of Environmental Issues1467 Words   |  6 Pagescare. However, the global issues around the world are the most serious and concerning problems. According to Globe scan, 64% out of 25,000 people said environmental issue is the most serious problem. Like other issues, envi ronmental issue is a growing problem around the whole world. Some people know and say that humans have to save the Earth, but how many of them actually keep those rules to save it? For that reason, environmental issue is an ongoing problem, and global warming is the huge and significant

The Movie Crash - 1178 Words

Introduction In this society we are all interconnected: family, work, and culture; all of these systems help to shape our beliefs and world views. One s bias, one s values, one s stereotypes and assumptions is the direct result of one s culture. The movie Crash was a very fascinating movie. I never knew what was going to happen in the movie it portrays prejudice by one member of a group or culture against another member of a group or culture. Crash was like a melting pot of ethnicities, and they were all defined by racism. The movie reinforced those peoples’ assumptions about a person or group prevents them from seeing the true person, in addition to Crash being a movie about progressing. I, myself, have been a victim of intentional micro aggression. I can relate to Terrence Howard and his wife, Thandi Newton, as they were pulled over by a white police officer, Matt Dillon, for no justifiable reason. On one occasion I was in front of my home moving my car, and as I got out a w hite police officer pulled behind me in his car. He got out, and came toward me pushing me against my car. The officer then asked me for some identification; he told me that he thought that I came out of a drug house. Was it the officer’s belief that every black person is selling or buying drugs that caused his assumption? And if so, the officer, then, acted upon his assumptions and prejudice beliefs about African Americans. Cultural Identity Terrence Howard, Thandi Newton, Don Cheadle, JohnShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Crash Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesKC Libecki Professor Eisenberg SOC1101 The movie, Crash, demonstrates the lives of various individuals from divergent socio-economic classes, who have life changing experiences in between their conflicting prejudices and stereotypes. The theme of multiculturalism has also made its influence on the major characters of the movie: a white American district attorney and his wife who is constantly scared of the other; two African American thieves who steal their car, a racist police officer who offendsRead MoreThe Movie Crash 875 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie, Crash is a 3-time Academy Award Winner with an all-star cast consisting of Sandra Bullock, Matt Dillon, Don Cheadle and many others. However the one character that spoke most to me is the Persian man named Farhad who is acted by Shaun Toub. The movie introduced Farhad in the beginning of the movie as a Persian man with his adult daughter buying a gun at a gun shop but having difficulty due to racism. Throughout the movie we see Farhad struggling with racism directed towards him and howRead MoreThe Movie Crash 1074 Words   |  5 Pages The movie â€Å"Crash† is a very thought provoking movie about the underlying racial tensions in our society. It represented black, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern ethnicities and the stereotypes associated with each. The character I will be analyzing is Officer Ryan who is played by Matt Dillon. Ryan is a middle-aged police officer in Las Angeles, California who has been with the force for 17 years. He appears to be extremely racist in his multiple encounters with African Americans. Although officer RyanRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pages The movie â€Å"Crash† illustrates the reality of the society in which we live. Race, stereotypes, oppression, and marginalization played a major part in the reaction of the individuals in the movie, as it still exists today. Many will say that times have changed and things have become better since the days of slavery, but I cannot agree that this statement is true. This learner was yet young during this era; however, my ancestors endured much agony and pain for no particular reason. Today, minoritiesRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Crash 1662 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment during the film. You have to pay attention to the race in the film, the themes throughout the film and the gender roles played in the film. In the movie Crash we see many pairs where they each have their own different points of views on things and often bump heads due to their different opinions. When watching the film Crash you see the complete opposite of what you are used to and see that the film starts off in the middle of the plot and later on starts revealing the events thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Crash 963 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual, for instance the way they perceive others and also the way they perceive themselves. Paul Haggis’s movie â€Å"Crash† conceptualize on this idea and interpret it in an in entirely different way; so that we can see that there are reasons and motives to why our society is separated this type of way. 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Regardless of their Social Economic Academic or Political background, they are all defined in one way or another by racism. Crash represents the modern condition as a violent bumper car ride (Variety) which connects stories based on coincidences serendipity, and luck as the lives of the characters crash against one another. The movie presumes that most peopleRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1055 Words   |  5 Pages1108 23 November 2015 Movie Analysis Although the movie Crash aired in 2004, the movie does a phenomenal job at depicting social conflicts that are still evident in 2015. Crash, also deals with wide range of controversies and offers multiple narratives. And since narrative is always a two-way street, the movie does a great job of showing two perspectives of everything. More specifically, it challenges our ethical and moral beliefs in a sense that many of the scenes in the movie reside in the grey areaRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1362 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"Crash†, this movie basically talks about racism and the impact it has on the lives of people in Los Angeles. This movie got a good response from the viewers, as it concentrated on some real harsh realities of racism and asked some hard questions which are generally avoided in movies. This movie clearly promotes the a very delicate issue, and hence requires some detailed assessment. I personally feel the movie was good and it portrayed some very common events of racism, I think â€Å"Crash† shows

Essay on The Greatest Leaders of the Past, Present, and...

Barack Obama, Lance Armstrong, Hitler, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Martin Luther King Jr. These are some of the millions upon millions of leaders that have been great leaders through the past, present and in the future. These leaders were the first into my head when I think about great leaders. All of these men women were magnificent leaders and continue to make impressions on the world today. There have been billions of leaders to walk this very earth but there are some questions to ask. How many of these leaders were/are great leaders? What makes a great leader? Who is the greatest leader of all? When I was asked to think of the most inspirational leader that I look up to, none of these popped into my head but Kent McKown, my father,†¦show more content†¦There have been times that my father would have to change literally everything to make something work but he did it because he knew what it took to be successful. Third, my father has passion and a lot of it. Through every thing he does, you can see passion. Kent has three sons, Jake, Lucas and Wilton, and we all played sports throughout our childhood and his passion for the games really rubbed off on all of us. His passion for us to be successful in sports was the drive to our passion. My older brother, Wilton, plays Lacrosse at Mercer University and I run Track Field at USC Upstate and I believe that his passion was the drive to our passion which, in turn, got us both to were we are. Not only does he have passion for sports but also spiritually, for his marriage, for his work and for helping other to success are some other things he has a strong passion for. Lastly, my father has the ability to inspire through his previous skill, his passion. His passion for the things he does shows tremendously, through the way he does these things. My father always taught us to finish what we start. If my father were to ever start something he would never do it half way or half effort. 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Fahrenheit 451 and Brave New World Essay Example For Students

Fahrenheit 451 and Brave New World Essay Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 are two books, both of which are supposed to be set in the future, which have numerous theme similarities throughout them. Of all their common factors, the ones that stand out most would have to be first, the outlawed reading of books; second, the preservation of health and youth at almost any cost and the keeping of people happy and stress-free; and third, the theme of the protagonist as being a loner or an outcast from society because of his differences in beliefs as opposed to the norm. Well look first at the concept of outlawed reading. To us this sounds very strange. In the societies of both of these books, however, it is a common and almost completely unquestioned law. In Brave New World reading is something that all classes are conditioned against from birth. In the very beginning of the novel we see a group of infants who are given bright, attractive books but are exposed to an explosion and a shrieking siren when they reach out for them. This thus prevents them from wanting the books and causes them to scream and shrink away in horror at the mere sight of the books. In reference to the accomplishment of this conditioning, the director said, Books and loud noisesalready in the infant mind these couples are compromisingly linked; and after two hundred repetitions of the same or a similar lesson would be wedded indissolubly. What man has jointed, nature is powerless to put asunder, (Huxley 21-22). We come to learn that the basic reasoning behind this conditioning against reading in Brave New World was because you couldnt have lower-caste people wasting the Communitys time over books, and there was always the risk of their reading something which might undesirably decondition one of their reflexes (Huxley 22). In Fahrenheit 451 the outlawing of book reading is taken to an even greater extent. In this novel the whole purpose of a firefighter isnt to put out fires, rather it is to start fires. The reading of books in their society is completely forbidden and if someone is suspected of even owning a book, the firefighters are dispatched to go to that persons residence and start a fire. They start fires for the sole purpose of destroying books, as illustrated here, They pumped the cold fluid from the numeraled 451 tanks strapped to their shoulders. They coated each book, they pumped rooms full of itthe whole house is going up (Bradbury 38). Another common factor of the two novels is the extent to which each society works to preserve its people as both young and healthy and content. In Brave New World the people have soma, the feelies, they are never alone, theyre conditioned to like their job, and life for them is just made easy. Soma is what the people in Brave New World use to go on holiday. It is like the perfect drug with no side effects. It simply puts its users in a state of euphoria. According to Mustapha Mond himself, soma is to calm your anger, to reconcile you to your enemies, to make you patient and long-sufferinganybody can be virtuous now (Huxley 238). The feelies are yet another concept of the Brave New World designed simply for the comfort and enjoyment of the people. The people experience the movies in not only the visual sense, but they also feel and smell what is going on, almost as if it really is. The structure of their whole lifestyle is made in such a way so that the people are never alone. Mond ev en says,But people never are alonewe make them hate solitude; and we arrange their lives so its almost impossible for them to ever have it (Huxley 235). The different castes are also conditioned to like their jobs. This maintains stability because everyone does their job without complaint and remains happy. According to Mond, they like their workIts light, its childishly simple. No strain on the mind or the muscles. Seven and a half hours of mild, unexhausting labour, and the the soma ration and games and unrestricted copulation and the feelies. What more can they ask for? (Huxley224). .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .postImageUrl , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:hover , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:visited , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:active { border:0!important; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:active , .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f5a5a608e68645e77fe0ed63dba015f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interest Rates EssayAs far as life being made easy for them goes, Mond says, There isnt any need for a civilzed man to bear anything thats seriously unpleasant (Huxley 236). Similarly, in Fahrenheit 451, the people have television walls. We learn about their purpose, importance,and value from the character Mildred. In regards to the walls, Mildred tells Guy, Its really fun. Itll be even more fun when we can afford to have the fourth wall installeditd be just like this room wasnt ours at all, but all kinds of exotic peoples rooms (Bradbury 20-21). As far as youth or health preservation goes, in the very beginning of Fahrenheit 451 we see an example of this. Guy comes home t o find Mildred in bed, overdosed on pills. He called the emergency hospital and they came. They had this machine. They had two machines, really. One of them slid down into your stomach like a black cobra down an echoing well looking for all the old water and the old time gathered there. It drank up the green matter that flowed to the top in a slow boilthe bloodstream in this woman was new and it seemed to have done a new thing to her. Her cheeks were very pink and her lips were very fresh and full of color and they looked soft and relaxed (Bradbury 14, 16). The final and one of the most evident of the similarities in these two books would have to be the fact that the main character in both books was basically an outcast or a loner from society. In Brave New World this is , at different times, a different character. First we meet Bernard Marx as our outcast. He thinks just a little more than the average man in his society. He and his friend Helmholtz Watson are two men who stand apart because they actually think rather than drone around like the rest of the people. Bernard is also much smaller than most other alphas and has a hard time both getting women and getting lower castes to do what he says. When speaking of Bernard, one of the women says, They say somebody made a mistake when he was still in the bottle- thought he was a Gamma and put alcohol in his blood-surrogate. Thats why hes so stunted (Huxley 46). It isnt until Bernard gains guardianship over John that he is anything but an outcast. For the first time in his life he can get any woman he wants and he even believes he has power. However, after things fall apart and the savage is no longer under his control, Bernard goes back to being an outcast and is even eventually sent off to an island by himself. The second person viewed as an outcast in Brave New World would be John the savage. He never fits in while he lives on the reservation because of who his mother is and what shed done to the reservation. He is constantly secluded from activities and looked down upon, as we see here, He went with the otherssuddenly one of the men stepped forward, caught him by the arm, and pulled him out of the ranksNot for you, white-hair! (Huxley 136). Though he too has his period of acceptance when he comes to the Brave New World, he ultimately returns to his solitary ways. In the end, despite Monds wishes to continue with the research, John ran away and moved into an abandoned light tower to live as a recluse. Similarly, in Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag is pretty much a lone r himself. Though he is a firefighter, he secretly steals more and more books and the more he reads, the less he believes in burning them. He cannot tell anyone of this, even his wife, because they will surely turn him in. Eventually, though, Guys secret is discovered and the rest of the story consists of the chase after him by the police as well as the electronic hound. He makes his get away alone and though he meets others along the way, he travels alone. The other loner in this book is Clarisse. Clarisse new she was an outcast and even said, Im afraid of children my own age. They kill each otherIm responsible. I was spanked when I needed it, years ago. And I do the shopping and house cleaning by hand (Huxley 30). .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .postImageUrl , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:hover , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:visited , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:active { border:0!important; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:active , .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8 .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u826d298b0af763f306b7d2afb61d9db8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cocoa Commodity EssayOutlawed reading, contentment, youthfulness and health of the people, and society outcast- these three themes are, to me, the most evident in the two books. I find it incredibly fascinating that two different authors can both write books on the future and have them similar in so many ways. If you look past their similarities though, both of these books were very well written and really leave you wondering just what the future will hold. Works CitedBrave New World. Huxley, Aldous. Perennial Classics. New York, 1989. Fahrenheit 451The Temperature At Which Books Burn. Bradbury, Ray. Ballantine Books. New York, 1979.

Introduction to Arts Essay Example

Introduction to Arts Essay Definition of Terms A. Art According to various authors 1. J. V Estolas Art is derived from the Latin word â€Å"ars†Ã‚  Ã‚  which means ability or skill 2. A. Tan Art is taken from the Italian word â€Å"artis†, which means craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form and ideas, between materials and techniques. 3. F. Zulueta Art  is a product of mans needs to express himself. 4. C. Sanchez Art is concerned itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium, color, sound, bonze, marble, words and film. 5. Plato Art is that which brings life in  harmony with the beauty of the beauty of the world   6. John Dewey 7. Panizio and Rustia – B. Appreciation C. Art Appreciation Art Appreciation simply means being able to look at works and form your own opinions. Naturally, those arty terms will be explained along the way. D. Humanities The  humanities  are  academic disciplines  that study the  human condition, using methods that are primarily  analytical,[citation needed]  critical, or  speculative, as distinguished from the mainly  empirical  approaches of the  natural sciences. E. Subject Four Common Essential of Arts Common essentials of arts are  line, shape, texture, light, value, color, and space. The Subject of Arts Ways of Representing the Subject 1- REALISM – the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Realists try to be as objective as possible. 2- ABSTRACTION – the attempt of the artist to show only his idea or his feeling; not as objective as the realist. 3- SYMBOLISM – the use of a visible sign of an idea to convey to the viewers, readers or audiences the message of his work. 4- FAUVISM – the artist use of bright colors which shows pictures of comfort, joy and pleasure. This is the method used by Henry Matisse, Raoul Drify and George Ronault. 5- We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer DADAISM – is a protest movement in the art that is playful and experimental. â€Å"Dada† means a â€Å"hobby horse†. Dadaism is most often nonsensical. Marcel Duchamp is the famous painter using this method. 6- FUTURISM – developed in Italy about the same time as cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the mechanical energy of modern life. 7- SURREALISM – this method mirrors the evils of the present society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of the mind. IMPRESSIONISM – this method presented the artist’s impression on the art subject, not as detailed as a realist painting. 9- EXPRESSIONISM – are art works describing pathos, morbidity chaos or even defeat. Introduced in Germany from 1900 – 1910. Kinds of Subject 1. Realism Realism  in the  visual arts  and  literature  is the general atte mpt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective, without embellishment or interpretation and in accordance with secular,  empirical  rules.   As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such  reality  is  ontologically independent of mans conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs, and thus can be known (or knowable) to the artist, who can in turn represent this reality faithfully. As  Ian Watt  states, modern realism begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses and as such it has its origins in Descartes  and  Locke, and received its first full formulation by  Thomas Reid  in the middle of the eighteenth century. The attempt to portray the subject as it is. Realists try to be as objective as possible. 2. Abstraction – Abstraction is the attempt of the artist to show only his idea or his feeling; not as objective as the realist. 3. Distortion 4. Surrealism – This method mirrors the evils of the present society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of the mind. Subject and Content The Four Main Functions of Arts Aesthetic through art, man  becomes conscious of the  beauty of nature. He benefits from  his own work and from those done by his fellowmen. He learns to use, love, and preserve them for his enjoyment and appreciation. Utilitarian -with the creation of the various forms of art, man now lives in comfort and happiness. Through art,  man is provided with shelter, clothing, food, light, medicine, beautiful surroundings, personal ornamentals, entertainment,  language, transportation, and other necessities and conveniences of life. Art not only enriches man’s life but also improves nature through landscape gardening, creation of super-highways and through propagation of natural  resources. Cultural through the printed matter, art transmits and preserves skills and knowledge from one generation to another. It burdens one’s cultural background and makes man more civilized and his life more enduring and satisfying. Social Art has social functions when it addresses aspects of life, as opposed to one persons point of view or experience Other Functions Personal The personal functions of art vary from  person to person. Physical Works of art that are created to perform some service have physical functions. The Scope of Art According to: Monopolies Custodia Sanchez Josefina Estolas Panizio and Rustia The Origin of Art The very concept of the ‘birth’ or ‘origin’ of art may seem inappropriate, since humans are by nature artists and the history of art begins with that of humanity. In their artistic impulses and achievements humans express their vitality, their ability to establish a beneficial and positive relationship with their environment, to humanize nature; their behavior as artists is one of the characteristics for selection favorable to the evolution of the human species. Evidence from a huge analysis of rock art and cave paintings and engravings shows that, from their origins, humans have also been  Homo aestheticus.